Key Terms Flashcards
Key Terms for Entire RHS Exam (562 cards)
1
Q
triangle (geometry term)
A
- in geometry, a figure formed by connecting three points not in a straight line by three straight-line segments
- has three angles
2
Q
lead apron
A
a flexible lead shield used to protect the patient’s reproductive and blood-forming tissues from scatter radiation
3
Q
millampere (mA)
A
a unit of measurement used to describe the intensity of an electrical current
4
Q
vertical angulation
A
the positioning of the position-indicating device in a vertical plane
5
Q
superior
A
describes an area that is higher on a vertical axis
6
Q
lateral jaw projection- ramus of the mandible
A
an extraoral projection used to image the ramus of the mandible in order to evaluate impacted third molars, large lesions, and fractures that extend into the ramus of the mandible
7
Q
occupational exposure
A
contact with blood or other infectious materials involving the skin, eye, or mucous membranes that results from procedures performed by the dental professional
8
Q
storage phosphor imaging
A
an indirect method of obtaining a digital image in which the image is recorded on phosphor-coated plates and then placed into an electronic processor, where a laser scans the plate and produces an image on a computer screen
9
Q
enamel
A
- the outermost layer of the crown of the tooth (appears radiopaque)
- the densest structure in the human body
10
Q
pathogen
A
a microorganism capable causing disease
11
Q
periapical cyst / radicular cyst
A
a lesion characterized by an epithelial-lined cavity or sac located around the apex of a nonvital tooth that results from pulpal death (appears radiolucent)
12
Q
intraoral receptor
A
an image receptor is placed inside the mouth during x-ray exposure to examine teeth and supporting structures
13
Q
dentino-enamel junction (DEJ)
A
the junction between the dentin and enamel of a tooth
14
Q
maxillary torus / torus palatinus
A
a nodular mass of bone along the midline of the hard palate
15
Q
self-determination
A
the legal rights of an individual to make choices about the care they receive, including the opportunity to consent to or refuse treatment
16
Q
bit-depth image
A
the number of possible gray-scale combinations for each pixel
17
Q
nondeciduous teeth
A
permanent teeth that do not replace a primary/deciduous tooth (permanent first, second, and third molars)
18
Q
tubercle (anatomic term)
A
a rounded prominence of bone (appears radiopaque)
19
Q
extraoral
A
outside the mouth
20
Q
process (anatomic term)
A
a marked prominence or projection of bone (appears radiopaque)
21
Q
mount
A
to place in an appropriate setting for display or study
22
Q
radiation
A
a form of energy carried by waves or streams of particles
23
Q
orbit (anatomic term)
A
the bony cavity that contains the eyeball
24
Q
sigmoid notch / mandibular notch (anatomic term)
A
a curved depression located between the mandibular condyle and the coronoid process of the mandible
25
panoramic
a wide view
26
exposure light
a component of the dental x-ray machine control panel that provides a visible signal when x-rays are produced
27
object-receptor distance
* the distance from the object being imaged *(tooth)) to the image receptor influences image magnification
* less image magnification results when the tooth and the image receptor are as close as possible, and more magnification results when the tooth and receptor are far apart
28
hamulus / hamular process *(anatomic term)*
a small, hooklike projection of bone that extends form the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone *(appears radiopaque)*
29
leakage radiation
any radiation, with the exception of the primary beam, that is emitted from the dental x-ray tubehead
30
posteroanterior projection
an extraoral projection of the skull used to evaluate facial growth, trauma, diseases, and developmental abnormalities
31
pulpal sclerosis
a diffuse calcification of the pulp chamber and pulp canals of teeth that results in a pulp cavity of decreased size *(appears radiopaque)*
32
gray **(Gy)**
a unit for measuring absorbed dose
33
internal oblique ridge *(anatomic term)*
a linear prominence of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible that extends downward and forward from the ramus *(appears radiopaque)*
34
milliamperage
in dental imaging, the quantity *(number)* of x-ray emitted from the tubehead
35
nasopharyngeal air space *(anatomic term)*
refers to the airspace portion of the pharynx located posterior to the nasal cavity *(on a panoramic image, appears as a diagonal radiolucency located superior to the radiopaque shadow of the soft palate and uvula)*
36
underexposed image
an exposure error that results in a light image due to inadequate exposure time, kilovoltage or milliamperage, or a combination of these factors
37
ionizing radiation
radiation that is capable of producing ions by removing or adding an electron to an atom
38
mandibular torus / torus mandibularis
a bony growth seen along the lingual aspect of the mandible
39
proton
a positively-charged particle with a mass of one
40
filament circuit
* regulates the flow of the electrical current to the filament of the x-ray tube using 3-5 volts
* controlled by the milliamperage settings
41
cancellous bone / trabecular bone
the soft, spongy bone located between the two layers of dense cortical bone *(appears radiolucent)*
42
panoramic image
an image that shows the wide view of the maxilla and the mandible surrounding structures
43
maxillary teeth
teeth located in the maxilla or upper arch
44
metallic restoration
* restorations that completely absorb x-rays; as a result, little to no radiation contacts the receptor *(appears radiopaque)*
* *(ex: amalgam, gold)*
45
cell metabolism
the physical and chemical processes of a cell that determine the response of the cell to radiation exposure
46
collimation
the restriction of the size and shape of the x-ray beam in order to reduce patient exposure
47
total dose
the quantity of radiation received, or the total amount of radiation energy absorbed
48
edentulous zone
an area where teeth are no longer present
49
short-scale contrast
* a term describing an image with predominately areas of black and white
* results from the used of a lower kilovoltage range
50
filament circuit / low-voltage circuit
* the circuit that regulates the flow of electrical current to the filament of the x-ray tube
* controlled by the milliamperage settings
51
Waters projection
an extraoral projection used to evaluate the maxillary sinus area
52
kinetic energy
the energy of motion
53
external root resorption
a regressive alteration of root structure that occurs along the periphery of the root surface
54
dentition
the character of a set of teeth, including their number, kind, and location/arrangement
55
leaded-glass housing
a portion of the glass housing of the x-ray tube that includes lead that prevents x-rays from escaping in all directions
56
electricity
* the energy used to make x-rays
* used as a source of power
57
angle *(geometry term)*
in geometry, a figure formed by two lines diverging from a common point
58
exposure incident
a specific incident involving contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from procedures performed by the dental professional
59
internal root resorption
the destruction of dentin around the pulp cavity within the crown or root of a tooth (appears radiolucent)
60
furcation area
the area between the roots of multi-rooted teeth
61
sharpness
* refers to the capability of the image receptor to reproduce the distinct outlines of an object
* influenced by focal spot size and movement
62
ionization
* the production of ions
* the process of converting an atom into an ion, resulting in the formation of a positive atom and a dislodged negative ion
63
avulsion
the complete displacement of a tooth from alveolar bone
64
x-radiation
a high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in the x-ray tube
65
cortical bone / compact bone
the dense outer layer of bone *(appears radiopaque)*
66
nucleon
part of an atomic nucleus *(ex: protons, neutrons)*
67
submandibular fossa / mandibular fossa *(anatomic term)*
a depressed area of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible inferior to the mylohyoid ridge *(appears radiolucent)*
68
lateral cephalometric projection
an extraoral image that is used to determine facial growth and development, trauma, disease, and developmental abnormalities
69
rule of isometry *(geometry term)*
a geometric principal that states that "two triangles are equal if they have two equal angles and share a common side"
70
direct current **(DC)**
a current in which electrons flow in one direction
71
dose rate
the rate at which exposure to radiation occurs and the absorption takes place *(determined by dose/time)*
72
alveolar bone loss
a loss of bone that surrounds and supports teeth in the maxilla and mandible
73
inverse square law
* a rule that states that "the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of radiation"
* as distance is increased, the radiation intensity at the object is decreased, and vice versa
74
atom
* a tiny, invisible particle that is the fundamental unit of matter
* the smallest part of an element that has the properties of that element
75
condensing osteitis / chronic focal sclerosing osteomyelitis
a well-defined radiopacity seen below the apex of a nonvital tooth that has a history of long-standing pulpitis *(appears radiopaque)*
76
horizontal bone loss
bone loss that occurs in a plane parallel to the cemento-enamel junction of adjacent teeth
77
incipient
small, or beginning to exist or appear
78
inherent filtration
portions of the x-ray tubehead that serve to filter low-energy x-rays, including the glass window of the x-ray tube, the insulating oil, and the tubehead seal
79
imaginary bisector
* an imaginary plane that divides in half the angle formed by the image receptor and the long axis of the tooth
* creates two equal angles and provides a common side for the two imaginary equal triangles
80
anterior teeth
central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines/cuspids
81
free radical
an uncharged, neutral atom or molecule that exists with a single, unpaired electron in its outermost shell
82
contact areas
the areas where adjacent tooth surfaces touch each other
83
beam alignment device
* a device used to align the position-indicating device in relation to tooth and image receptor
* positions the intraoral image receptor in the mouth and retains the image receptor in position during exposure
* helps stabilize the image receptor in the mouth and reduces the chances of movement, thus reducing the patient's exposure to x-radiation
84
endodontic patient
a patient who has undergone endodontic therapy
85
somatic effects
radiation injuries that produce changes in somatic cells and produce poor health in the irradiated individual *(ex: the induction of cancer, leukemia, or cataracts)*
86
interpersonal skills
skills the promote good relationships between individuals
87
genetic cells
* cells that contain genes
* reproductive cells *(ex: ova, sperm)*
88
mandibular topographic occlusal projection
a type of occlusal projection used to examine the anterior teeth of the mandible
89
vertical bone loss / angular bone loss
bone loss that does not occur in a plane parallel to the cemento-enamel junctions of adjacent teeth
90
angulation
the alignment of the central x-ray beam in the horizontal and vertical planes
91
mandibular teeth
teeth located in the mandible or lower arch
92
facial / labial
the tooth surface towards the cheek/lips on anterior teeth
93
bite-wing tab / bite loop / bite tab
a heavy paperboard tab or loop fitted around an intraoral image receptor during exposure
94
high contrast
a term describing an image with many very dark areas and very light areas and few shades of gray
95
sterilize
the use of a physical or chemical procedure to destroy all pathogens, including highly resistant bacterial and fungal spores
96
anode
* the positive electrode in the x-ray tube
* consists of a wafer-thin tungsten plate embedded in a solid copper rod
* converts electrons into x-ray photons
97
quality factor **(QF)**
a factor used for radiation protection purposes that account for the exposure effects of different types of radiation
98
intraoral imaging examination
a dental imaging inspection of teeth and intraoral adjacent structures
99
inter-radicular
between the roots of adjacent teeth
100
electron
a tiny, negatively charged particle found outside the nucleus in the atom
101
dental radiographer
any person who positions, exposes, and processes dental x-ray image receptors
102
interproximal examination
an intraoral inspection used to examine the crowns of both maxillary and mandibular teeth on a single image
103
long axis of a tooth
an imaginary line that divides a tooth longitudinally into two equal halves
104
rampant caries
caries that affect numerous teeth in the dentition *(appears radiolucent)*
105
pulp stones
calcifications found in the pulp chamber or pulp canals of teeth *(appear radiopaque)*
106
recurrent caries / secondary caries
caries located adjacent to a pre-existing restoration *(appears radiolucent)*
107
gutta percha
rubberlike material used in endodontic therapy to fill the pulp canals and pulp chamber *(appears radiopaque)*
108
molecule
* two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
* the smallest amount of a substance that possesses its characteristic properties
109
ALARA concept
a concept of radiation protection that states that all exposure to radiation must be kept to a minimum, or **"as low as reasonably achievable"**
110
matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
111
caries
tooth decay caused by microorganisms *(appears radiolucent)*
112
radioactivity
the process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintegration, or decay, in an effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state
113
panoramic imaging
an extraoral technique used to examine the upper and lower jaws on a single image
114
general radiation / bremsstrahlung radiation / braking radiation
a form of radiation that occurs when speeding electrons slow down because of their interaction with the tungsten target in the anode
115
exposure sequence
a defined order to place and expose intraoral receptors
116
intrusion
the abnormal displacement of teeth into bone
117
disability
a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of an individual's major life activities
118
cone-cut
a clear, unexposed area on a dental image that occurs when the position-indicating device is misaligned and the x-ray beam is not centered over the image receptor
119
ramus *(anatomic term)*
vertical portion of the mandible that is found posterior to the third molar
120
distortion
* a geometric characteristic that refers to a variation in the true size and shape of the object being imaged
* influenced by object-receptor alignment and the vertical angulation of the x-ray beam
121
cumulative effects
the additive effects of repeated radiation exposure
122
ground glass appearance / orange-peel appearance
a term used to describe a radiopacity viewed on a dental image that resembles pulverized glass
123
tooth-bearing areas
regions of the maxilla and mandible in which the 32 teeth of the human dentition are normally located
124
sagittal plane
* a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides *(the sides do not need to be equally divided)*
* runs perpendicular to the ground
125
voltage
in dental imaging, the measurement of force that refers to the potential difference between two electrical charges
126
sterilization
the act of sterilizing
127
primary radiation / primary beam / useful beam
the penetrating x-ray beam produced at the target of the anode and exits the tubehead
128
malpractice
improper or negligent conduct or treatment
129
filtration
the use of absorbing materials *(ex: aluminum)* for removing low energy x-rays from the primary beam
130
occlusal incipient caries
* caries located on the occlusal surface of posterior teeth
* cannot be seen on a radiograph
131
maxillary tuberosity *(anatomic term)*
a rounded prominence of bone that extends posterior to the third molar region *(appears radiopaque)*
132
psychogenic stimuli
stimuli originating from the mind
133
three-dimensional volume rendering
a three-dimensional shape that is created from two-dimensional images
134
radiograph
an image or picture produced on a receptor by exposure to ionizing radiation
135
pulp canal obliteration
the calcification, or deposition, of hard tissue within the pulp cavity, causing no visible pulp chamber or canals on the dental image
136
unilocular coriticated
describes a radiolucency on a dental image that exhibits one compartment with a well-defined outer border
137
pixel / picture element
in digital electronic images, digital information is contained in, and presented as, discrete units of information
138
Compton electron
* an outer-shell electron that is ejected from its orbit during Compton scatter
* *carries a negative charge*
139
anatomic order
the order in which teeth are arranged within the dental arches
140
high-level disinfectant
* chemicals classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as "sterilants-disinfectants"
* used to disinfect heat-sensitive, semicritical dental instruments
141
impulse
in dental imaging, a measure of exposure time
142
soft palate *(anatomic term)*
the fleshy, movable posterior portion of the roof of the mouth separating the mouth and the phaynx
143
occlusal caries
caries located on the chewing surfaces of posterior teeth *(appears radiolucent)*
144
kilovolt **(kV)**
the unit of measurement for voltage
145
Compton scatter
one of the interactions of x-radiation with matter in which the x-ray photon collides with a loosely bound, outer-shell electron and gives up part of its energy to eject the electron from its orbit, causing the x-ray photon to lose its energy and continue in a different direction a lower energy level
146
neutral atom
an atom that contains an equal number of protons and electrons
147
statute of limitations
a period during which a patient may bring a malpractice action against a dentist or an auxillary
148
midsagittal plane
an imaginary line or plane passing through the center of the body that divides it into right and left halves
149
field of view **(FOV)**
* the area that can be captured when performing imaging procedures
* with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging, the region of interest of the patient anatomy
150
trauma
injury produced by an external force
151
x-rays
a beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on image receptors
152
apex
the area of a tooth that allows for blood vessels and nerves to enter the tooth and maintain the vitality of the tooth
153
image receptor placement
the specific area where the image receptor must be positioned before exposure
154
spine *(anatomic term)*
a sharp, thornlike projection of bone *(appears radiopaque)*
155
velocity
in dental imaging, the speed of a wave
156
focal spot size
the size of the tungsten target of the anode
157
real image
in panoramic imaging, the image that is recorded when a structure is located between the receptor and the moving rotation center
158
ion pair
one positive and one negative ion, that results when an electron is removed an atom in the ionization process, causing the atom to become the positive ion and the ejected electron becomes the negative ion
159
periodontal abscess
a lesion that originates in a soft tissue pocket and is characterized by the accumulation of pus and destruction of bone *(appears radiolucent)*
160
open contacts
on a dental image, appears as a thin radiolucent line between adjacent tooth surfaces
161
endodontics
the branch of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the dental pulp
162
exposure
a measure of ionization produced in air by x-radiation or gamma radiation
163
mylohyoid ridge *(anatomic term)*
a linear prominence of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible that extends from the molar region downward and forward to the lower border of the mandible *(appears radiopaque)*
164
bisect
to divide into two equal parts
165
anterior nasal spine *(anatomic term)*
a sharp projection of the maxilla located at the anteroinferior portion of the nasal cavity *(appears radiopaque)*
166
lingula *(anatomic term)*
a small, tongue-shaped projection of bone seen adjacent to the mandibular foramen *(appears radiopaque)*
167
negative vertical angulation
the positioning of the position-indicating device below the occlusal plane that directs the central ray upward
168
mandible
the lower jaw
169
cervical burnout
a radiolucent artifact seen on dental images between the cemento-enamel junction and the alveolar bone
170
occlusal examination
a type of intraoral examination used to inspect large areas of the maxilla or mandible in one image
171
infraorbital foramen *(anatomic term)*
a hole or opening in bone found inferior to the border of the orbit *(on a panoramic image, appears radiolucent)*
172
somatic cells
all cells in the body, with the exception of reproductive cells
173
particulate radiation
tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight lines and at high speeds *(ex: electrons, beta particles, alpha particles, protons, and neutrons)*
174
rectification
the conversion of alternating current to direct current
175
overlapped contacts
on a dental image, the area where the contact area of one tooth is superimposed over the contact areas of an adjacent tooth
176
photon
a bundle of energy with no mass or weight that travels as a wave at the speed of light and moves through space in a straight line
177
antiseptic
a substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria
178
tungsten target
a portion of the anode in the x-ray tube that serves as a focal spot and converts bombarding electrons into x-ray photons
179
nucleus
the central, positively charged core of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons
180
primary teeth / deciduous teeth
baby teeth
181
multiplanar reconstruction **(MPR)**
the reconstruction of raw data into images when imported into viewing software to create three anatomic planes of the body
182
critical organ
an organ that, if damaged, diminishes the quality of an individual's life
183
ion
* an electrically unbalanced particle
*an atom that gains or loses an electron
184
interproximal caries
caries located between two adjacent teeth *(appears radiolucent)*
185
angle of the mandible *(anatomic term)*
* the area of the mandible where the body meets the ramus
* the corner portion formed by the junction of the posterior and lower borders on the ramus
186
inverted Y
a landmark viewed on dental images above the maxillary canine that represents the intersection of the anterior border of the maxillary sinus and the lateral wall of the nasal fossa *(appears radiopaque)*
187
respiratory hygiene / cough etiquette
an infection prevention measure designed to limit the transmissions of disease spread by respiratory pathogens via droplet or airborne routes
188
maxillary pediatric occlusal projection
a type of occlusal projection used to examine the anterior teeth of the maxilla used in children 5 years or younger
189
personal protective equipment **(PPE)**
equipment worn by dental professionals to protect themselves from hazards, including protective attire, gloves, masks, and eyewear
190
radioresistant cell
a cell that is resistant to radiation *(ex: bone, muscle, and nerve cells)*
191
lingual foramen *(anatomic term)*
a small opening or hole in bone surrounded by the genial tubercles and located at the midline of the internal surface of the mandible *(appears radiolucent)*
192
positive vertical angulation
the positioning of the position-indicating device above the occlusal plane that directs the central ray downward
193
dose-response curve
a curve that can be used to correlate the damage of tissues with the amount of radiation received
194
radiation absorbed dose **(rad)**
a unit for measuring absorbed dose
195
generalized bone loss
bone loss that occurs evenly throughout the dental arches
196
radiopacity / radiodensity
an area on a dental image appearing radiopaque *(light/white)* due to resisting the passage of the x-ray beam and limiting the amount of x-rays that reach the image receptor
197
x-ray beam angulation
one of the influencing factors for image distortion that refers to the direction of the x-ray beam
198
bite-wing image
intraoral image that is used to examine the interproximal surfaces of teeth
199
quality of the x-ray beam
* the mean energy or penetrating ability of the x-ray beam
* controlled by the kilovoltage
200
neutron
an electrically neutral or uncharged particle
201
lamina dura *(anatomic term)*
the wall of the tooth socket that surrounds the root of a tooth *(appears radiopaque)*
202
palate *(anatomic term)*
the roof of the mouth
203
dentin
the tooth layer found between the enamel and surrounding the pulp cavity *(appears radiopaque)*
204
periapical examination
a type of intraoral imaging examination used to view the entire tooth *(crown and root)* and supporting bone
205
dental radiograph
a photographic image produced on a receptor by the passage of x-rays through teeth and related structures
206
intersecting
cutting across or through
207
mandibular notch *(anatomic term)*
a scooped-out concavity of bone located distal to the coronoid process on the ramus of the mandible
208
inferior nasal conchae *(anatomic term)*
wafer-thin, curved plates of bone that extend from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity *(appears radiopaque)*
209
tongue *(anatomic term)*
a movable muscular organ attached to the floor of the mouth
210
diatorics
metal retention pins that are included in anterior porcelain denture teeth
211
radiography
the art and science of making radiographs by the exposure of receptors to x-rays
212
indirect digital imaging
a method of obtaining a digital imaging from a sensor after exposure to x-rays by using a scanner to convert information into a digital form so that it can be viewed on a computer monitor
213
quality administration
the management of the quality assurance plan in the dental office
214
occlusal
the chewing surfaces of posterior teeth
215
interproximal
between two adjacent surfaces
216
sinus *(anatomic term)*
a hollow space, cavity, or recess in bone *(appears radiolucent)*
217
nonstochastic effects of radiation
effects of radiation that have a threshold and increase in severity with increasing absorbed dose
218
articular eminence *(anatomic term)*
a rounded projection of the temporal bone located anterior to the glenoid fossa *(appears radiopaque)*
219
ridge *(anatomic term)*
a linear prominence of bone *(appears radiopaque)*
220
luxation
the abnormal displacement of teeth
221
distal
the tooth surface away from the midline of the mouth
222
movement
motion of the image receptor or patient during image exposure that results in an image with decreased sharpness
223
low-level disinfectant
* chemical germicides classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as "hospital disinfectants"
* recommended for general housekeeping purposes
224
isometry *(geometry term)*
equality of measurement
225
hard palate *(anatomic term)*
the bony plate that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity in the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth *(appears radiopaque)*
226
central ray **(CR)**
the central portion of the primary beam of x-radiation
227
diagnostic image
a dental image that allows for the identifying and monitoring of diseases or injuries
228
digitize
in digital imaging, to convert an image into digital form that, in turn, can be processed by a computer
229
added filtration
aluminum disks inserted in the dental x-ray machine between the x-ray tubehead seal and collimator to remove low-energy x-rays from the primary beam
230
vertical
an up-and-down plane
231
apical
towards the apex of a tooth
232
periapical abscess
a lesion characterized by a localized collection of pus around the apex of a nonvital tooth that results from pulpal death *(appears radiolucent)*
233
asepsis
the absence of pathogens or disease-causing microorganisms
234
infection prevention
procedures used to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases
235
electrical current
the flow of electrons through a conductor to produce x-rays
236
cone beam computed tomography **(CBCT)**
computer-assisted digital imaging in dentistry that uses a cone-shaped x-ray beam to acquire information and present it in three dimensions
237
panoramic receptor
an image receptor used in panoramic examinations that show a wide view of the maxilla and mandible
238
opposing
maxillary and mandibular teeth that occlude together
239
dental image
a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object produced by the passage of x-rays through teeth and supporting structures
240
dose equivilent
a measurement used to compare the biologic effects of different types of radiation
241
scatter radiation
a form of secondary radiation that results from an x-ray beam that has been deflected from its path by the interaction with matter
242
cementum
calcified connective tissue that covers the outer root surface of the tooth
243
kilovoltage
in dental imaging, the x-ray tube peak voltage used during an exposure
244
forshortened image
an image of a tooth that appears short and distorted
245
disinfect
to inhibit or destroy disease-causing microorganisms through the use of a chemical or physical procedure
246
nutrient canal *(anatomic term)*
a tiny tubelike passageway through bone which contains blood vessels and nerves that supply teeth and interdental areas *(appears radiolucent)*
247
informed consent
consent given by a patient after complete disclosure about the particulars of a procedure
248
direct digital imaging
a method of obtaining a digital image in which an intraoral sensor is exposed to x-radiation to capture an image that can be viewed on a computer monitor
249
occlusal severe caries
caries located on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth that extends into dentin *(appears as a large radiolucency)*
250
soft tissue opacity
a term used to describe a well-defined radiopacity viewed on a dental image that is located in soft tissue
251
absorption
* the total transfer of energy from the x-ray photon to the atoms of matter through which the x-ray beam passes
* depends on the energy of the x-ray beam and the composition of the absorbing matter or tissues
252
septum *(plural: septa)* *(anatomic term)*
bont wall or partition that divides a cavity into separate areas *(appears radiopaque)*
253
body of the mandible *(anatomic term)*
the U-shaped horizontal portion of the mandible that extends from ramus to ramus
254
elongation
* a term used in imaging to describe an image of a tooth that appears longer than the actual tooth
* results from flat or insufficient vertical angulation
255
dose
the amount of energy absorbed by a tissue
256
tungsten filament
a coiled wire of tungsten in the cathode in the x-ray tube that produces electrons when heated
257
incisal
the chewing edge of anterior teeth
258
radiopaque
the portion of an image that is light or white, due to the structure resisting the passage of the x-ray beam and limiting the amount of x-rays that reach the receptor
259
localized bone loss
bone loss that occurs in isolated areas
260
head positioner
* one of the component parts of a panoramic unit that is used to position and stabilize the patient's head
* includes a chin rest, notched bite-block, forehead rest, and lateral head supports
261
exposure time
the interval during which x-rays are produced
262
right-angle technique
a localization technique in which the orientation of structures can be seen in two images *(one periapical and one occlusal)*
263
zygoma / zygomatic bone / malar bone *(anatomic term)*
the cheekbone *(appears as a diffuse radiopaque band posterior to the zygomatic process of the maxilla)*
264
standard precautions
measures that include a standard of care designed to protect health care personnel and patients from pathogens that can be spread by blood or any other bodily fluid, excretion, or secretion
265
subject contrast
the characteristics of the subject *(patient)* that influence contrast, including the size and thickness of the patient
266
direct theory of radiation
a theory that suggests that cell damage results when ionizing radiation hits critical areas directly within the cell
267
pterygomaxillary fissure *(anatomic term)*
a narrow space or cleft that separates the lateral pterygoid plate and the maxilla *(on a panoramic image, appears radiolucent)*
268
extraoral receptor
an image receptor is placed outside the mouth to examine large areas of the skull or jaws
269
supernumerary teeth / hyperdontia
extra teeth that develop in addition to the normal human dentition
270
multilocular
a term used to describe a radiolucent lesion on a dental image that exhibits multiple compartments
271
facilitation skills
interpersonal skills used to ease communication and to develop a trusting relationship between the dental professional and the patient
272
torus *(plural: tori)*
a bony growth in the oral cavity
273
external oblique ridge / external oblique line *(anatomic term)*
a linear prominence of bone located on the external surface of the body of the mandible *(appears radiopaque)*
274
indirect theory of radiation
a theory suggesting that cell damage results indirectly, where x-ray photons are absorbed with the cell, causing the formation of toxins, which in turn, damage the cell
275
buccal
the tooth surface towards the cheek on posterior teeth
276
hypotenuse *(geometry term)*
in geometry, the side of a right triangle opposite the right angle
277
periodontal ligament space **(PDL)**
* a space that exists between the root of a tooth and the lamina dura *(appears radiolucent)*
* contains connective tissue fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics
278
image
a picture or likeness of an object
279
pulp cavity
a cavity within a tooth that includes both the pulp chamber and the pulp canals, containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics *(appears radiolucent)*
280
low contrast
a term describing an image with many shades of gray and few areas of black and white
281
right angle *(geometry term)*
in geometry, an angle of 90 degrees formed by two lines perpendicular to each other
282
alternating current **(AC)**
a current in which electrons flow in opposite directions
283
diagnosis
identification of a disease by examination or analysis
284
cervical / gingival
the tooth surface towards the gumline/cervical third area
285
uvula *(anatomic term)*
a small, fleshy extension located on the free edge of the soft palate at the midline
286
palatoglossal air space *(anatomic term)*
refers to the space found between the palate and the tongue *(on a panoramic image, appears as a horizontal radiolucent band located superior to the apices of maxillary teeth)*
287
total filtration
the combination of the inherent filtration and added filtration in an x-ray machine
288
frequency
* the number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time
* indicates the energy of a radiation
289
glenoid fossa *(anatomic term)*
a concave, depressed area of the temporal bone where the mandibular condyle rests
290
control devices
* the components of the control panel of the x-ray machine that regulate the x-ray beam
* includes the timer, kilovoltage and milliamperage selectors
291
overexposed image
an exposure error that results in a dark image from excessive exposure time, kilovoltage, or milliamperage, or a combination of these factors
292
patient relations
the relationship between the patient and the dental professional
293
standard of care
in dentistry, the quality of care that is provided by dental practitioners in a similar locality under the same or similar conditions
294
incisive foramen *(anatomic term)*
an opening or hole in bone located at the midline of the anterior hard palate directly posterior to the maxillary central incisors *(appears radiolucent)*
295
charge-coupled device **(CCD)**
a solid-state silicon chip detector found in an intraoral digital sensor that converts light or x-ray photons into an electrical charge or signal
296
extraoral image
* an image that results when an image receptor is placed outside the mouth and is exposed to x-rays
* used to examine large areas of the skull or jaws
297
foramen *(anatomic term)*
an opening or hole in bone that permits the passage of nerves and blood vessels *(appears radiolucent)*
298
critical instrument
instruments that are used to penetrate soft tissue or bone and must be sterilized after each use
299
hyoid bone *(anatomic term)*
a horseshoe-shaped bone that lies below the mandible, between the chin and thyroid cartilage *(appears radiopaque on a panoramic image)*
300
digital image
an image composed of pixels
301
periodontium
specialized tissues that surround and support teeth, such as the gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone
302
circuit
a path of electrical current
303
contrast
* how sharply dark and light areas are differentiated or separated on an image
* the difference in the degrees of blackness (densities) between adjacent areas on a dental image
304
stochastic effects of radiation
* biologic effects from radiation that occur as a direct function of dose
* the probability of occurrence increases with increasing absorbed dose; however, the severity of effects does not depend on the magnitude of the absorbed dose
305
periapical lesion
a lesion located around the apex of a tooth
306
coronal plane
* a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sides
* runs perpendicular to the ground
307
scale of contrast
the range of useful densities on a dental images
308
intensity
* the total energy of the x-ray beam
* the product of the quantity *(number of x-ray photons)* and quality *(energy of each photon)* per unit of area per time of exposure
309
nonvital
not living
310
right triangle *(geometry term)*
in geometry, a triangle with one 90-degree angle
311
cavitation / cavity
a hole in a tooth that results from the caries process *(appears radiolucent)*
312
periapical
around the apex of a tooth
313
superior foramina of the incisive canal *(anatomic term)*
two tiny openings or holes in bone that are located on the floor of the nasal cavity *(appear radiolucent)*
314
tubehead seal
the aluminum or leaded-glass covering of the tubehead that seals the oil in the tubehead and filters the x-ray beam
315
polychromatic x-ray beam
an x-ray beam containing many different wavelengths of varying intensities
316
density
the overall darkness or blackness of an image
317
electromagnetic spectrum
* the entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiations
* extends from gamma rays *(with the shortest wavelengths)* to radio waves *(with the longest wavelengths)*
318
position-indicating device **(PID)** / cone
* an open-ended, lead-lined cylinder extending from the opening of the tubehead
*aims and shapes the x-ray beam
319
gagging
the strong involuntary effort to vomit
320
line pairs/millimeter **(lp/mm)**
a measurement used to evaluate the ability of the computer to capture the resolution (detail) of an image
321
liable
* accountable
* legally obligated
322
posterior
towards the back
323
physiologic resorption
resorption of the teeth associated with the normal shedding of deciduous teeth
324
digital imaging
a system of filmless imaging used to capture an image using a sensor, breaking it into electronic pieces, and presenting and storing the image using a computer
325
background radiation
a form of ionizing radiation that is ubiquitous in the environment *(ex: cosmic and terrestrial radiation)*
326
voxel / volume element / three-dimensional pixel
the smallest element of a three-dimensional image
327
interproximal incipient caries
caries located between two teeth that extends less than halfway through the thickness of the enamel *(appears radiolucent)*
328
step-down transformer
in dental imaging, a device used to decrease the incoming voltage from 110 or 220 volts to the low voltage required *(usually 3-5 volts)*
329
transcranial projection
an extraoral projection used to evaluate the superior surface of the condyle and the articular eminence or to evaluate the movement of the condyle when the mouth is opened and to compare joint spaces
330
sharp
any object that can penetrate skin, including but not limited to, needles and scalpels
331
mandibular canal *(anatomic term)*
a tubelike passageway through bone that travels the length of the mandible *(appears radiolucent with radiopaque borders)*
332
element
substances that make up only one type of an atom
333
protective barrier
a barrier of radiation-absorbing material used to protect the operator from primary and scatter radiation *(ex: a wall)*
334
medial
toward the midline of the body
335
bite-wing receptor
an intraoral image receptor used to examine the crowns of both maxillary and mandibular teeth on one image
336
anterior
towards the front
337
indicator light
a component of the dental x-ray machine control panel that, when illuminated, indicates that the dental x-ray machine is turned on
338
pathologic resorption
resorption of a tooth not associated with the normal shedding of deciduous teeth
339
interproximal advanced caries
caries located between two teeth that extends to the dentino-enamel junction or through the dentino-enamel junction and into the dentin but does not extend through the dentin more than half the distance towards the pulp *(appears radiolucent)*
340
buccal object rule
* a method used to illustrate the orientation of structures portrayed in two images exposed at different angulations
* used to determine the buccal-lingual relationship of an object
341
radiolucent
the portion of an image that is dark or black, due to the structure readily permitting the passage of the x-ray beam and allowing more x-rays to reach the image receptor
342
short-term effects of radiation
effects of radiation that appear within minutes, days, or weeks, due to large amounts of radiation absorbed in a short time
343
gag reflex / pharyngeal reflex
gagging that is elicited by stimulation of the sensitive tissues of the soft palate region
344
sclerotic bone / osteosclerosis / idiopathic periapical osteosclerosis *(anatomic term)*
a term used to describe a well-defined radiopacity viewed on a dental image located below the apices of vital, noncarious teeth
345
lingual
the tooth surface towards the tongue
346
bloodborne pathogens
microorganisms present in blood that cause disease in humans
347
maxillary topographic occlusal projection
a type of occlusal projection used to examine the palate and anterior teeth of the maxilla
348
periapical receptor
an intraoral image receptor used to examine the entire tooth *(crown and root)* and supporting bone
349
mandibular condyle *(anatomic term)*
a rounded projection of bone extending from the posterosuperior border of the ramus of the mandible *(appears radiopaque)*
350
temporomandibular joint **(TMJ)**
the jaw joint, including the temporal bone, the mandible, and the articular disc between the two bones
351
interproximal severe caries
cares located between two teeth that extend through enamel, through dentin, and more than half the distance toward the pulp *(appears radiolucent)*
352
Frankfort plane
the imaginary plane that intersects the orbital rim of the eye and opening of the ear
353
equilateral triangle *(geometry term)*
in geometry, a triangle with three equal sides
354
canal *(anatomic term)*
a tubelike passageway through bone that houses nerves and blood vessels *(appears radiolucent with radiopaque borders)*
355
alveolar process
portion of the maxilla or mandible that encases and supports teeth
356
fossa *(anatomic term)*
a broad, shallow, scooped-out or depressed area of bone *(appears radiolucent)*
357
tomogram
an extraoral image used to examine the bony components of the temporomandibular joint **(TMJ)**
358
thermionic emission
the release of electrons from the tungsten filament when the electrical current passes through it and heats the filament
359
barrier sleeve
a plastic shield that protects an intraoral receptor from saliva and is used to minimize contamination
360
mandibular foramen *(anatomic term)*
a round or ovoid hole in bone on the lingual aspect of the ramus of the mandible *(appears radiolucent)*
361
focal spot
the tungsten target of the anode that converts bombarding electrons into x-ray photons, concentrating the electrons and creating an enormous amount of heat
362
liability
legal accountability
363
focal opacity
a term used to describe a well-defined, localized radiopaque lesion viewed on a dental image
364
three-dimensional digital imaging
an image that demonstrates structures in three dimensions
365
vacuum tube
a sealed glass tube from which most of the air has been evacuated
366
target-surface distance
the distance from the source of x-rays *(tungsten target in the anode)* to the surface of the patient's skin
367
mental foramen *(anatomic term)*
an opening or hole in bone located on the external surface of the mandible in the region of the mandibular premolars *(appears radiolucent)*
368
radiolucency
an area on a dental image appears radiolucent (*(dark/black)* due to readily allowing the passage of the x-ray beam so that more x-rays reach the image receptor
369
cell
the basic structural unit of living organisms
370
control panel
a part of the x-ray machine that contains an on/off switch and indicator light, an exposure button and indicator light, and control devices to regulate the x-ray beam
371
long-term effects of radiation
* effects of radiation that appear years, decades, or generations after exposure
* associated with small amounts of radiation absorbed repeatedly over a long period of time
372
negligence
* omission or failure to provide reasonable precaution, care, or action
* occurs when the diagnosis made or the dental treatment falls below the standard of care
373
submentovertex projection
an extraoral projection used to identify the position of the condyles, demonstrate the base of the skull, and evaluate fractures of the zygomatic arch
374
quantity of the x-ray beam
* the number of x-rays produced in the dental x-ray unit
* controlled by the milliamperage
375
semicritical instruments
instruments that contact but do not penetrate soft tissue or bone and must be sterilized after each use
376
suture *(anatomic term)*
an immovable joint that represents a line of union between adjoining bones of the skull *(appears radiolucent)*
377
double image
* an exposure error that occurs when a PSP receptor is exposed twice in the patient's mouth
* appears dark as the result of two superimposed images
378
target-receptor distance
the distance from the source of radiation *(tungsten target in the anode)* to the image receptor
379
tactile stimuli
stimuli originating from touch
380
disinfection
the act of disinfecting
381
target-object distance
the distance from the source of x-rays *(tungsten target in the anode)* to the object being imaged *(tooth)*
382
risk management
the policies and procedures that the dental professional should follow to reduce the change that a patient will take legal action against the dental professional or the supervising dentist
383
parallel *(geometry term)*
moving or lying in the same plane; always separated by the same distance and not intersecting
384
nonmetallic restoration
* restorations that do not completely absorb x-rays *(ex: porcelain, composite, acrylic)*
* vary in appearance from slightly radiopaque to radiolucent, depending on the density of the material
385
median palatal suture *(anatomic term)*
the immovable joint between the two palatine processes of the maxilla *(appears radiolucent)*
386
irregular radiopacity
a term used to describe a radiopacity viewed on a dental image that has irregular, ill-defined borders
387
alveolar crest / crestal bone
* the most coronal portion of alveolar bone found between teeth
* composed of cortical bone *(appears radiopaque)*
388
mental fossa *(anatomic term)*
a scooped-out, depressed area of bone located on the external of the anterior mandible *(appears radiopaque)*
389
amalgam
a restorative dental material, composed of an alloy and mercury *(appears radiopaque)*
390
root surface caries
caries located on the root surfaces of teeth *(appears radiolucent)*
391
transformer
a device used to increase or decrease the voltage of incoming electricity
392
localization techniques
method used to locate the position of a tooth or object in the jaws
393
vertical bite-wing
the bite-wing receptor is placed in the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a vertical direction
394
electron volt
the unit of measurement for the binding energy of orbital electrons
395
periapical image
intraoral image that is used to examine the crowns and roots of teeth
396
cumulative occupational dose
the accumulated lifetime radiation dose for occupationally exposed workers
397
radiation monitoring badge
a device used to measure and monitor radiation exposure, worn by persons frequently exposed to radiation
398
glossopharyngeal air space *(anatomic term)*
refers to the airspace of the pharynx located posterior to the tongue and oral cavity *(on a panoramic image, appears as a vertical radiolucent band superimposed over the ramus of the mandible)*
399
kiloelectron volt **(keV)**
the unit of measurement for the binding energies of orbital electrons
400
composite resin
a tooth-colored restorative material that is bonded to tooth structure *(appears radiolucent)*
401
binding energy / electrostatic force / binding force
* the attraction between the positive nucleus and the negative electrons that maintains electrons in their orbits
* determined by the distance between the nucleus and electrons
402
edentulous patient
a patient without teeth
403
exposure button
a component of the dental x-ray machine control panel the activates the x-ray machine to produce x-rays
404
coulomb **(C)**
a unit of electrical charge
405
vital
living
406
energy
what occurs when matter is altered
407
extrusion
the abnormal displacement of teeth out of bone
408
pediatric patient
child patient
409
intermediate-level disinfectant
* chemical germicides classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as both "hospital disinfectants" and "tuberculocidals"
* recommended for all surfaces that have been contaminated
410
electromagnetic radiation
the propagation of wavelike energy through space or matter, accompanied by electric and magnetic fields *(ex: cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared light, radar waves, microwaves, and radio waves)*
411
adjacent / proximal
objects next to/touching each other
412
magnification
* a geometric characteristic that refers to an image that appears larger than the actual size of the object it represents
* influenced by target-receptor distance and object-receptor distance
413
autotransformer
a voltage compensator that corrects for minor fluctuations in the current flowing through the x-ray machine
414
orbit / shell
the well-defined path of an electron around the nucleus of an atom
415
paralleling technique / extension cone paralleling **(XCP)** technique / right-angle technique / long-cone technique
* an intraoral imaging technique used to expose periapical receptors, where the receptor is placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth, the central ray is directed perpendicular to the receptor and the long axis of the tooth
* a beam alignment device must be used to keep the receptor parallel to the long axis to the tooth
416
cathode
* the negative electrode in the x-ray tube
* consists of a tungsten wire filament in a molybdenum cup
* supplies the electrons necessary to generate x-rays
417
rotation center
in panoramic imaging, the axis or pivotal point on which the image receptor and the x-ray tubehead rotate around the patient
418
buccal caries
caries located on the buccal tooth surface *(appears radiolucent)*
419
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine **(DICOM)** data
the universal format for handling, storing, and transmitting three-dimensional images
420
spatial resolution
a measurement of pixel size in multiplanar reconstruction
421
secondary radiation
* radiation created when the primary beam interacts with matter
* less penetrating than primary radiation
422
lateral pterygoid plate *(anatomic term)*
a wing-shaped bony projection of the sphenoid bone located distal to the maxillary tuberosity region *(on a panoramic image, appears radiopaque)*
423
cell differentiation
individual characteristics of a cell that determine the response of the cell to radiation exposure
424
complementary metal oxide semiconductor-active pixel sensor **(CMOS-APS)**
* silicon-based detector used in digital imaging
* differs from the charge-coupled device in the way that pixels are read*
425
image receptor
a recording medium *(ex: PSP plate, digital sensor)*
426
unilocular noncorticated
describes a radiolucency on a dental image that exhibits one compartment without a well-defined outer border
427
contrast resolution
the number of gray-scale colors available to be chosen for each pixel in the image
428
noncritical instrument
instruments that do not come in contact with mucous membranes
429
rampant
growing or spreading unchecked
430
radiosensitive cell
a cell that is sensitive to radiation *(ex: small lymphocytes, blood, immature reproductive, young bone, and epithelial cells)*
431
periodontal
around a tooth
432
developmental disability
a substantial impairment of mental or physical functioning that occurs before age 22 and is of indefinite duration
433
quality assurance
special procedures used to ensure the production of high-quality, diagnostic images
434
cathode ray
a stream of high-speed electrons that originate from the cathode in an x-ray tube
435
hypercementosis
the excess deposition of cementum on the root surfaces of teeth *(appears radiopaque)*
436
labial mounting
an image mounting method in which the radiographs are placed in the mount for the dental radiographer to view the images from the labial aspect
437
interpretation
an explanation
438
mandibular pediatric occlusal projection
a type of occlusal projection used to examine the anterior teeth of the mandible in children aged 5 years or younger
439
elongated image
an image of a tooth that appears long and distorted
440
infectious waste
waste that consists of blood, blood products, contaminated sharps, or other microbiologic products
441
styloid process *(anatomic term)*
a long, pointed, and sharp projection of bone that extends downward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone; located anterior to the mastoid process *(on a panoramic image, appears radiopaque)*
442
clinical attachment loss **(CAL)**
the measurement in millimeters of the distance between the cemento-enamel junction and the case of the sulcus or periodontal pocket
443
extraoral imaging
an inspection of large areas of the skull or jaws that requires the use of extraoral imaging receptors
444
nasal cavity / nasal fossa *(anatomic term)*
a pear-shaped compartment of bone located superior to the maxilla *(appears radiolucent)*
445
maxilla
the upper jaw
446
target lesion
a term used to describe a well-defined, localized radiopacity viewed on a dental image that is surrounded by a uniform radiolucent halo
447
tubehead
* the tightly sealed heavy metal housing that contains the dental x-ray tube, including the metal housing, insulating oil, tubehead seal, x-ray tube, transformers, aluminum disks, lead collimator, and position-indicating device
* contains a filament used to produce electrons and a target used to produce x-rays
448
horizontal angulation
the positioning of the position-indicating device in a horizontal plane
449
pericoronal
around the crown of a tooth
450
physical disability
a physical impairment involving vision, hearing, or mobility
451
mastoid process *(anatomic term)*
a marked prominence of the temporal bone located posterior and inferior to the temporomandibular joint *(on a panoramic image, appears radiopaque)*
452
metal housing
the metal casing of the dental x-ray tubehead that houses the x-ray tube and transformers
453
lateral jaw projection- body of the mandible
an extraoral projection used to evaluate the posterior body of the mandible in order to evaluate impacted teeth, fractures, and lesions located in the body of the mandible
454
temporomandibular joint tomography
an extraoral imaging technique used to examine the temporomandibular joint **(TMJ)**
455
radiation biology
the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living tissues
456
extension arm
a part of the dental x-ray machine that suspends the x-ray tubehead and houses the electrical wires that extend from the control panel to the tubehead
457
lingual caries
caries located on the lingual tooth surface *(appears radiolucent)*
458
incisive canal / nasopalatine canal *(anatomic term)*
a passageway through bone that extends from the superior foramina of the incisive canal to the incisive foramen
459
coherent scatter / unmodified scatter
* one of the interactions of x-radiation with matter in which the path of a low-energy x-ray photon interacts with an outer-shell electron
* no change in the atom occurs, and an x-ray photon of scattered radiation is produced
460
curve of Spee *(anatomic term)*
the anterior-posterior anatomic curvature of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth
461
parenteral exposure
contact with blood or other infectious materials that results from piercing or puncturing the skin barrier
462
analog image
an image produced on conventional film that looks like the thing it represents
463
lingual mounting
an image mounting method in which the radiographs are placed in the mount for the dental radiographer to view the images from the lingual aspect
464
mesial
the tooth surface towards the midline of the mouth
465
penumbra
the unsharpness or blurring of the edges of a structure viewed on a dental image
466
full mouth series **(FMX)** / complete mouth series **(CMS)**
an intraoral series of dental images that show all of the tooth-bearing areas of the upper and lower jaws
467
alveolar bone
bone of the maxilla and mandible that supports and encases the roots of teeth *(appears radiopaque)*
468
wavelength
* the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next wave
* determines the energy and penetrating power of the radiation
469
fracture
the breaking of a part *(appears as a thin radiolucent line)*
470
digital subtraction
a feature of digital imaging used to reverse the gray scale as an image is being viewed, causing radiolucent images *(normally black)* to appear white and radiopaque images *(normally white)* to appear black
471
Reverse Towne projection
an extraoral projection used to identify fractures of the condylar neck or ramus area
472
insulating oil
oil that surrounds the x-ray tube and transformers inside the x-ray tubehead
473
perpendicular *(geometry term)*
intersecting at or forming right angles
474
edentulous
* without teeth
* an area where teeth are no longer present
475
cephalostat
in extraoral imaging, a device that includes a receptor holder and head positioner that allow the dental radiographer to position both receptor and patient easily
476
mental ridge *(anatomic term)*
a linear prominence of a cortical bone located on the external surface of the anterior portion of the mandible *(appears radiopaque)*
477
lipline
an area of soft tissue seen on panoramic images formed by the positioning of the patient's lips
478
bite-wing technique / interproximal technique
an intraoral imaging technique in which the interproximal surfaces of teeth are examined
479
focal trough / image layer
a three-dimensional curved zone in which structures are clearly demonstrated on a panoramic image
480
mitotic activity
* process of cell division
* determines the response of a cell to radiation exposure *(cells that divide frequently are more sensitive to radiation)*
481
step-up transformer
in dental imaging, a device used to increase the incoming line voltage from 110 or 220 volts to the high voltage required *(usually 65,000-100,000 volts)*
482
recovery period
the period during which cellular damage caused by radiation is followed by repair
483
radiology
* the science or study of radiation as used in medicine
* a branch of medical science that deals with the use of x-rays, radioactive substances, and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease
484
nanometer
a measurement used for wavelength
485
horizontal
a side-to-side plane
486
stepwedge
a device constructed of uniform-layered thickness of an x-ray absorbing material *(usually aluminum)* used to demonstrate densities and contrast scales
487
non-diagnostic image
an image that is not diagnostically accurate due to technique errors and must be retaken
488
Rinn Snap-A-Ray Holder
an intraoral receptor holder used to stabilize an image receptor during exposure
489
lateral
away from the midline of the body
490
atomic weight / mass number
the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
491
Stabe Biteblock
a disposable styrofoam device that can be used to hold an image receptor during exposure
492
period of injury
occurs after the latent period following exposure to radiation and can include a variety of cellular injuries
493
congruent triangles *(geometry term)*
in geometry, triangles that are identical and correspond exactly when superimposed
494
thyroid collar
a flexible lead shield used to protect the thyroid gland from scatter radiation during exposure
495
nasal septum *(anatomic term)*
a vertical bony wall or partition that divides the nasal cavity into the right and left nasal fossae *(appears radiopaque)*
496
external auditory meatus / external acoustic meatus *(anatomic term)*
a hole or opening in the temporal bone located superior and anterior to the mastoid process
497
maxillary sinuses *(anatomic term)*
paired cavities or compartments of bone located within the maxilla and located superior to the maxillary posterior teeth *(appear radiolucent)*
498
posterior teeth
first and second premolars/bicuspids, and first, second and third molars
499
interpret
to offer an explanation
500
Rinn XCP instrument
* a type of beam alignment device that is used with the paralleling technique
* includes plastic bite blocks, plastic aiming rings, and metal indicator arms
501
chairside manner
the manner in which a dental professional conducts themself at the chairside of a patient
502
intraoral
inside the mouth
503
genetic effects
effects of radiation that are not seen in the person irradiated but are passed on the future generations through genetic cells
504
disclosure
in dental imaging, the process of informing a patient about the particulars of exposing dental images
505
maximum permissible dose **(MPD)**
* maximum dose equivalent that a body is permitted to receive in a specific period
* the dose of radiation that the body can endure with little to no injury
506
alpha particles
* a type of particulate radiation emitted from the nuclei of heavy metals
* contain two protons and two neutrons and are positively charged
507
volt **(V)**
the unit of measurement for voltage
508
maxillary lateral occlusal projection
a type of occlusal projection used to examine the palatal roots of molar teeth and locate foreign bodies or lesions in the posterior maxilla
509
interproximal moderate caries
caries located between two teeth that extends more than halfway through the thickness of the enamel but does not involve the dentino-enamel junction *(appears radiolucent)*
510
zygomatic process of the maxilla *(anatomic terms)*
a bony projection of the maxilla that articulates with the zygoma *(appears as a J-shaped or U-shaped radiopacity)*
511
risk
the likelihood of adverse effects or death resulting from exposure to a hazard
512
floor of the nasal cavity *(anatomic term)*
a bony plate formed by the palatal process of the maxilla and the horizontal portions of the palatine bones *(appears radiopaque)*
513
aluminum disks
* disks or sheets of aluminum, usually 0.5mm thick, that are placed in path of the x-ray beam
* used to filter our the nonpenetrating, longer-wavelength x-rays
514
periapical granuloma
a lesion characterized by a localized mass of granulation tissue around the apex of a nonvital tooth *(appears radiolucent)*
515
genial tubercles *(anatomic term)*
* tiny bumps of bone located on the lingual surface of the anterior mandible *(appear radiopaque)*
* serves as attachment sites for the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles
516
periodontal disease
a group of diseases that affect the tissues around teeth
517
image receptor holder
a device used to hold an intraoral image receptor in the mouth and stabilize the receptor's position during the exposure
518
occlusal technique
the method used to expose a receptor in occlusal examination
519
mixed lucent-opaque
a term used to describe a lesion viewed on a dental image that exhibits both radiolucent and radiopaque components
520
collimator / collimating device
a diaphragm, usually made of lead, used to restrict the size and shape of the x-ray beam
521
quality control tests
specific tests designed to maintain and monitor dental x-ray equipment and supplies
522
dentulous
* with teeth
* areas that exhibit teeth
523
ear *(anatomic term)*
structure composed of cartilage with a thin covering of connective tissue and skin *(on a panoramic image, appears as a radiopaque shadow projecting anteriorly and inferiorly from the mastoid process)*
524
calculus
a stone-like concretion that forms on the crowns and roots of teeth as a result of the calcification of bacterial plaque *(appears radiopaque)*
525
inferior
describes an area that is lower on a vertical axis
526
beta particles
fast-moving electrons emitted from the nucleus of radioactive atoms
527
intraoral image
* an image the results when an image receptor is placed inside the mouth and exposed to x-rays
* used to examine teeth
528
subject thickness
the thickness of soft tissue and bone in a patient
529
forshortening
* a term describing the image of a tooth that appears shorter than the actual tooth
* results from steep or excessive vertical angulation
530
sensor
in digital imaging, an image receptor that is used to capture an intraoral or extraoral image
531
half-value layer **(HVL)**
the thickness of material that, when placed in the path of the x-ray beam, reduces the exposure rate by one-half
532
axial plane
* a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
* runs parallel to the ground
533
bisecting technique
* an intraoral imaging technique used to expose periapical receptors
* the image receptor is placed along the lingual surface of the tooth, the central ray of the x-ray beam is directed perpendicular to the imaginary bisector formed by the image receptor and the long axis of the tooth
* receptor holder is used to stabilize the image receptor
534
ampere **(A)**
the unit of measure used to describe the number of electrons passing through a conductor * (electrical current strength)*
535
high-voltage circuit
* the circuit that provides the high voltage required to accelerate electrons and to generate x-rays in the x-ray tube
* controlled by the kilovoltage settings
* uses 65,000-100,000 volts
536
molybdenum cup
a portion of the cathode in the x-ray tube that focuses the electrons into a narrow beam and directs that beam across the tube toward the tungsten target in the anode
537
dental pediatrics
the branch of dentistry dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of dental diseases in children
538
amperage
* the number of electrons that pass through a conductor
* the strength of an electrical current
539
lateral fossa *(anatomic term)*
a smooth, depressed area of the maxilla located just interior and medial to the infraorbital foramen between the maxillary canine and lateral incisor *(appears radiolucent)*
540
latent period
the amount of time that elapses between exposure to ionizing radiation and the appearance of observable clinical signs
541
cone beam volume tomography **(CBVT)** / cone beam volume imagining **(CBVI)**
the term used for computer-assisted digital imaging in dentistry to differentiate the dental imaging procedure from medical computer tomography **(CT)**
542
mandibular cross-sectional occlusal projection
a type of occlusal projection used to examine the buccal and lingual aspects of the mandible and locate foreign bodies in the floor of the mouth
543
inferior border of the mandible *(anatomic term)*
a linear prominence of cortical bone that defines the lower border of the mandible *(appears radiopaque)*
544
horizontal bite-wing
the bite-wing receptor is placed in the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a horizontal direction
545
dental radiography
the production of radiographs of teeth and adjacent structures by the exposure of an image receptor to x-rays
546
atomic number
the total number of protons in the nucleus, which is also equal to the number of electrons outside the nucleus
547
occlusal moderate caries
caries located on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth that extend into dentin *(appears as a thin radiolucent line)*
548
ghost image
an artifact on a dental image produced when a radiodense object *(ex: earring)* is penetrated twice by the x-ray beam *(appears radiopaque)*
549
long-scale contrast
* a term describing an image with many densities, or many shades of gray
* results from the use of a higher kilovoltage range
550
dental imaging
the creation of digital representation of anatomic structures for the purpose of diagnosis
551
copper stem
a portion of the anode that dissipates heat away from the tungsten target
552
multifocal confluent radiopacity
a term used to describe multiple radiopacities on a dental image that appear to overlap or flow together
553
image interpretation
* an explanation of what is viewed on a dental image
* the ability to read what is revealed by a dental image
554
photoelectric effect
one of the interactions of x-radiation with matter where the x-ray photon collides with a tightly bound, inner-shell electron and gives up all its energy to eject that electron from its orbit; all of the energy of the photon is absorbed by the displaced electron in the form of kinetic energy
555
exposure factors
factors that influence the density of an image *(ex: milliamperage, kilovoltage, exposure time)*
556
x-ray tube
a component part of the x-ray tubehead that generates x-rays, including the leaded-glass vacuum tube, cathode, and anode
557
confidential
* private
* in dental imaging, all information contained in the dental record is private
558
characteristic radiation
a form of radiation that occurs when a high-speed electron dislodges from an inner-shell electron from an atom, causing ionization of the atom
559
lead collimator
a lead diaphragm used to restrict the size and shape of the x-ray beam
560
occlusal receptor
an image receptor is placed intraorally so that the patient occludes on the receptor in order to examine large areas of the maxilla or mandible
561
coronoid process *(anatomical term)*
a marked prominence of bone located on the anterior ramus of the mandible *(appears radiopaque)*
562
endodontic
found within a tooth
