L01 Functional Anatomy of Airway Flashcards by Max Kam

General functions of respiratory system.
What is: External Respiration?
Internal Respiration?

External= alveoli- capillary, air-blood gas exchange 
Internal= capillary- interstitial fluid and cells gas exchange

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Three functions of respiratory system?

Name, description, location.

Gas exchange, external resp. From respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

Air supply, movement of air in and out of sites of exchange, precondition of air, from nasal cavity to bronchioles

Pulmonary ventilation, respiratory movements, thoracic wall, diaphragm, pleura

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Name of epithelium that preconditions air in airway?

Psuedostrtified columnar epithelium

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How is air pre-conditioned?

Moisten, cleaned, warmed

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Other functions of resp.system? (3)

Olfactory

Phonation- speaking

Drainage of excess tears and paranasal sinus fluid

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Name all the structures of conducting portion of respiratory system.

vestibule, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngeal pharynx, larynx,

trachea,

primary bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, larger bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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Respiratory portion structures. List from start to end.

Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, atria, alveolar sac, alveoli

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Location of choanae?

Posterior aperture of nasal cavity that open into nasopharynx

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Nasal septum. Posterior structure?

Anterior structure?

Posterior: Vomer, separates the two nasal cavities , perpendicular to ethmoid
Anterior: Cartilage

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Location of conchae?

Bony ridges on lateral walls of meatus, opening to paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct

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Epithelium of Vestibule?

Stratified squamous epithelium

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Epithelium of Respiratory and Olfactory portions of nasal cavity?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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Pharynx epithelium: Oral? Nasal?

Oral= non-keratinized Stratified Squamous 
Nasal= Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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Larynx epithelium? (2)

non-keratinized Stratified squamous , pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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Trachea and primary bronchi epithelium?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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Secondary bronchi epithelium?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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bronchioles to terminal bronchiole epithelium?

simple columnar to simple cuboidal

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respiratory bronchiole to alveolar duct to alveolar epithelium

simple cuboidal to simple squamous

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Clara cell main functions?

-Protect epithelium by:
conjugate with IgA
Detoxify
Produce GAG, lysozyme, Clara cell secretory protein

-Stem cell, regenerate bronchiolar epithelium

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Clara cell features: 3

Nonciliated, non-mucous, short microvilli

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Components of Blood- air barrier in alveoli?

Surfactant
simple squamous epithelium of alveolar
fused basement membrane 
Type I pneumocyte with tight junctions 
capillary endothelium

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3 cells present in alveolar?

Type I and II pneumocyte, dust cells

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Alveolar dust cell origin?

modified macrophage, migrate across wall of pulmonary capillaries to interalveolar septa.

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alveolar dust cell function?

ingest dust in alveolar spaces, move up bronchial tree by cilia, swallowed or expectorated with mucus

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Smoker's lung black due to?

dead dust cells rich in carbon deposits

Pneumocyte type I function?

primary cell for gas exchange, thin and flattened

Pulmonary interstitum function?

rich in elastic fibre, help recoil

Type II pneumocyte type?

Granular cuboidal epithelium

Type II pneumocyte function?

multi-laminar body containing surfactant | stem cell to produce type I cell after injury

Surfactant fuction?

decrease alveolar surface tension

hyaline cartilage present up to which structures in conduction portion?

up to segmental/secondary bronchi before terminal bronchiole

ciliated cells present up to which structure?

up to respiratory bronchioles in respiratory portion, before alveolar duct

elastic fibre present in which structures?

all of airway

Smooth muscle present up to which structure?

respiratory bronchiole

Glands present up to which structure?

Up to secondary bronchi

Alveolar pores functions?

equilibrate air pressure, may spread infections

What divides upper and lower respiratory tract?

Laryngeal inlet between laryngopharynx and larynx

Structures in Upper Resp. Tract?

Nasal cavities, paranasl air sinuses, pharynx

Structures in pharynx?

Naso, Oro, Laryngopharynx

Structures in Lower Resp. Tract?

Larynx, Trachea, Bronchiole tree

full name of respiratory epithelium? Which portion of resp. system?

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells Only in Conducting portion

Resp. epithelium clean, moist, warm air. How?

``` Clean= mucus traps debris, cilia sweep mucus to pharynx, swallowed and neutralised Warm= blood exchange heat Moist= evaporation of water ```

What increases contact with mucous membranes?

Turbulent airflow generated by bone structure of nasal cavity conchae and meatus

4 paranasal air sinuses?

Frontal sinus, Ethmoid cells, Sphenoid sinus, Maxillary sinus

Pharynx description?

Fibromuscular tube from base of skull to C6

Pharynx function?

Connects nasal cavity to larynx and oesophagus common chamber for respiratory and digestive system cilia move mucus from choanae to nasopharynx to be swallowed

Epithelium for three parts of pharynx?

``` Naso= respiratory epithelium Oro= nonkeratinized stratified squamous Laryngeal= nonkeratinized stratified squamous ```

Tonsils are located where?

Pharyngeal tonsil/ adenoid (and Tubal tonsils) @ nasopharynx Palatine and Lingual tonsils @ oropharynx

Larynx structures from cranial to caudal?

Larynx vestibule- ventricle- infraglottic cavity

2 BIGGEST cartilages of Larynx?

Cricoid and Thyroid

What is Adam's Apple?

Tip of Thyroid cartilage

Superior boundary of Larynx Ventricle? Inferior boundary? What structures?

Superior: vestibular folds/ false vocal cords Inferior: vocal folds/ true vocal cords

Functions of true and false vocal cords?

True: produces sound, forms glottis, extends from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilage False: prevent food from entering larynx

Epiglottis vs thyroid and cricoid cartilage type?

epiglottis is elastic, thyroid & cricoid is hyaline

Epiglottis upper vs lower posterior surface epithelium?

upper: Stratified squamous nonkeratinized | lower" pseudostratified columnar

Name of space between two folds in larynx?

laryngeal ventricle/ laryngeal sinus

Slit between true vocal cords name?

Rima Glottidis

Name of space between true vocal fold and start of trachea?

infraglottic cavity

Difference in appearance of true and false vocal cords?

True has denser connective tissue and no glands

Vocal folds and sound production, how does it relate to arytenoid cartilage and muscle length?

Arytenoid cartilage and muscles determine length of vocal folds. Abduct fold when not speaking, Adduct when speaking and glottis is narrowed

Trachea structure? Note cartilage, structures on posterior wall... etc Epithelium of trachea?

15-20 hyaline cartilage, C-shape with elastic ligamentous membrane and trachealis muscle (smooth muscles) on posterior wall facing esophagus Resp. epithelium

Trachea lamina propria describe.

Loose connective tissues and elastic fibres

Trachea submucosa describe.

dense connective tissue, seromucous glands

Advantitia of trachea describe.

connective tissue secures trachea to other tissue

Trachealis muscles in coughing describe.

Contract to expel mucus and foreign objects

Level of bifurcation/ carina of trachea?

T4-T5 intervertebral disc/ sternal angle

Sequence of bronchial tree? Start at Main bronchi...

Main bronchi- secondary/ lobar bronchus- Tertiary/ segmental bronchus- 16/20 generations of branching- terminal bronchioles

Smooth muscle in bronchiole are controlled by nervous system to change lumen diameter. How?

parasympathetic constrict, sympathetic dilate

What are intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary bronchi surrounded by? What is the submucosa made of? What is the name of cartilage and what diameter of airway is cartilage found up to?

extrapulmonary bronchus surround by adventitia intrapulmonary bronchus surround by lung tissue submucosa= 2 layers of smooth muscle in opp. direction, seromucous glands Irregular hyaline cartilages, disappear when diameter of airway is less than 1mm

Lymphatic drainage of lungs. Start from intrapulmonary nodes to L/R bronchomediastinal trunk

Intrapulmonary lymph nodes- bronchopulmonary lymph nodes- Superior and inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes- paratracheal lymph nodes- drain L/R bronchomediastinal trunk Lower lung- drain to inferior phrenic lymph nodes

L01 Functional Anatomy of Airway Flashcards

(70 cards)