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MBBS I CPRS > L42 – Generation and Control of Arterial Pressure > Flashcards

L42 – Generation and Control of Arterial Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What causes arterial walls to stretch and store energy in systole?

A

Systole > increase blood volume in artery > blood cannot quickly pass through the peripheral resistance (arterioles) > elastic arteries stretch > energy required for stretching stored as potential energy in the stretched arterial wall

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2
Q

What maintains Maintain high pressure in arterial system during diastole?

A

arteries recoil elastically

Return potential energy to blood > Continues to drive blood through the peripheral resistance

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3
Q

How to calculated Cardiac output?

A

CO = Stroke volume x HR

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4
Q

Calculate mean arterial blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output x Total peripheral resistance

Diastolic P + 1/3 pulse pressure

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5
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

(difference between systolic and diastolic pressure)

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6
Q

How does increase Cardiac output lead to higher pressure?

A

Increase CO > increase flow from heart into artery > increase volume in artery > increased stretch, more potential energy into arterial wall > higher pressure

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7
Q

How does increase TPR cause increase in pressure?

A

Increase TPR> less blood flow out of artery into capillary > increased volume in artery > increased stretch… etc > increase pressure

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8
Q

In diastole, artierial pressure is constant or not?

A

Flow is continuous even if heart pumping is discontinuous

But arterial pressure continues to drop as blood moves against TPR during diastole

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9
Q

What does arterial pressure depend on?

A
  1. Volume added to artery by each heart beat: stroke volume

2. “run-off” (= volume flowing out of artery to periphery)

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10
Q

What is “run-off” (= volume flowing out of artery to periphery) determined by?

A

 Peripheral resistance

 Heart rate (inversely rated to time available for run-off)

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11
Q

What is normal BP?

A

<120/<80

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12
Q

What is prehypertension?

A

130-139/85-89

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13
Q

What is grade 1 hypertension?

A

140-159/90-99

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14
Q

What is grade 2 hypertension?

A

> 160/>100

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15
Q

4 factors for BP variation between people?

A
  1. Age (BP expected to increase with age):
     Changes in blood vessel structure (see above)
     Decrease in exercise level, endothelial function (secrete fewer vasodilators)
  2. Gender (higher in men than women)
  3. Race (higher in African, lower in Chinese)
  4. Genetics (similar to parents), etc.
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16
Q

What physiological changes can change BP?

A

 Posture (see baroreceptor reflex)
 Activity level
 Mental activity (e.g. stress, excitement)
 Hormone levels > circadian rhythm

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17
Q

Target BP for adult without diabetes or chronic kidney disease under and over 60?

A

Under 60 = <140/90

Over 60 = <150/90

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18
Q

Target BP for adult with diabetes or chronic kidney disease?

A

18 or over = <140/90

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19
Q

Pressure in vessel is calculated by?

A

Volume of blood in vessel/ compliance of vessel wall

20
Q

How does change in volume of blood in vessel change compliance?

A

Normal volume = mainly elastin fibres are stretched = relatively compliant

Larger volumes: collagen fibres (less distensible) are also stretched = less compliance

21
Q

Shallow gradient on pressure volume curve shows high or low compliance?

A

Shallow = high compliance

22
Q

How does aging affect vessel compliance?

A

elastin fibres in arterial wall tend to become broken into shorter lengths > arteries can easily expand to a volume where collagen fibres are stretched > decrease arterial compliance > larger pulse pressure

23
Q

In what circulation does the sympathetic nervous system maintain autoregulation of blood flow?

A

cerebral circulation

24
Q

How is HR and run-off related?

A

HR is inversely related to run-off

High HR = less time available = low run-off

25
How does increase in HR but no change in SV change the BP?
Increase HR > less time for blood to empty out of artery to peripheral vessel > incomplete run-off to peripheral vessels > volume in artery increases > Increase in both systolic and diastolic BP
26
Increase HR + same SV = increased CO Why does the systolic pressure increase slightly more than the diastolic ?
Same increases in systolic and diastolic arterial volumes > but systolic pressure increases slightly more because the upper part of the pressure/ volume curve is steeper
27
How does increase in SV but no change in HR change the BP?
Each heartbeat adds larger volume to artery > increase systolic arterial volume Insufficient time for this larger volume to run off completely to periphery > also increase diastolic arterial volume Large SV = systolic increases much more than diastolic
28
What does larger pulse pressure indicate?
pulse pressure = systolic P – diastolic P > larger pulse pressure implies increased stroke volume
29
How does increase in TPR change the BP?
Increase TPR > less run-off > diastolic arterial volume increase > diastolic arterial pressure increase Less run-off > less venous return > Stroke volume also decreases > Systolic volume basically unchanged
30
What does small pulse pressure indicate?
Smaller pulse pressure implies increase in peripheral resistance
31
Systolic pressure is strongly dependent on ?
Cardiac output
32
Diastolic pressure is strongly dependent on ?
TPR
33
What regulates short term change in BP? Long term change in BP?
Short-term = baroreceptors Long-term = adjust blood volume by volume receptors
34
Where are baroreceptors for regulating systemic arterial pressure?
Carotid sinus, aortic arch
35
How does increase in BP cause baroreceptor firing?
High BP> increase transmural pressure > stretches arterial wall > distorts baroreceptor within the wall > receptors depolarize >firing of nerve impulses in proportion to BP within sensitive range
36
What are the carriages of afferent signals for cartoid sinus baroreceptor?
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) > nucleus tractus solitaries in medulla > cardiovascular centre
37
What are the carriages of afferent signals for aortic arch baroreceptor?
vagus nerve (CN X) > nucleus tractus solitaries in medulla > cardiovascular centre
38
How do baroreceptors fire at exceptionally high and low BP?
V. High > reach maximum firing V. Low > baroreceptors stop firing below threshold already > cannot signal lower than threshold BP drop > rely on chemoreceptors instead
39
What are the sensitive ranges for baroreceptors?
Carotid sinus= ~50 – 180 mmHg Aortic arch= ~80 – 200 mmHg
40
When do baroreceptors show DYNAMIC response?
burst of firing during the rising (anacrotic) limb of arterial pressure wave (e.g. ventricle contracts) always fire at the start of systole > tell HR
41
When do baroreceptors show STATIC response?
number of impulses produced (e.g. after dynamic stroke) is proportional to mean pressure > tell mean pressure
42
Baroreceptor firing due to increased in BP is coordianted at Cardiovascular centre by what mechanisms?
Decrease sympathetic tone in Heart, Arteriole and Veins: 1) Decrease sympathetic, increase parasympathetic (vagal) tone on heart> lower HR and contractility > lower CO 2) Decrease sympathetic tone on arterioles> vasodilation > lower TPR 3) Decrease sympathetic tone on veins (increase compliance) > lower venous pressure & venous return > lower CO
43
During exercise, how is cardiovascular center signaled?
hypothalamus takes control > signal CV center > physiological change > increase BP
44
Cardiovascular centre integrates information from which 3 centers/ receptors?
CVS receptors Hypothalamus Higher centres
45
Explain fainting in vasovagal syncope?
Higher centre > CV centre: 1) Sudden withdrawal of sympathetic noradrenergic tone on blood vessels 2) Sudden increase in vagal tone on heart > bradycardia Sudden drop in TPR and BP cerebral pressure drop below 40mmHg > low cerebral flow > faint

MBBS I CPRS (78 decks)

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