L02: Haematopoiesis

Question 1

What are the broad groups of blood cells

Answer 1

Red cells/erythrocytes
Platelets
White cells/leukocytes

Question 2

What is the main role of red cells

Answer 2

Oxygen transport

Question 3

What is the main role of platelets

Answer 3

Clotting

Question 4

What is the main role of white cells

Answer 4

Immunity

Question 5

What are the subgroups of white cells

Answer 5

Lymphoid cells

Myeloid cells

Question 6

What are lymphoid cells

Answer 6

T cells
B cells
NK cells

Question 7

What are the myeloid cells

Answer 7

Mono yes

Granulocytes

Question 8

What are the cell features of granulocytes

Answer 8

Contain granules

Question 9

What are the specific granulocytes cells

Answer 9

Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophil

Question 10

What type of immune system is involved in monocytes

Answer 10

Innate immunity

Question 11

What happens to monocytes in the blood

Answer 11

Migrate into tissue and become macrophages

Question 12

What is the role of macrophages

Answer 12

Engulf pathogens

Produces IL-12 and IFN gamma (cytokines)

Question 13

Why are cytokines i.e IL-12 and IFN gamma important

Answer 13

Immunity against pathogens that get into cells

Question 14

What type of immunity is involved with granulocytes

Answer 14

Innate immunity

Question 15

What is the role of neutrophils

Answer 15

Engulf pathogens

Kill pathogens to kill

Question 16

What do granules of the granulocytes contain

Answer 16

Lysosome and myeloperoxidase

Question 17

What is the role of eosinophil and basophil

Answer 17

Kill pathogens via granules

Question 18

Which role does eosinophils and basophils not do

Answer 18

Phagocytosis (engulf pathogens)

Question 19

What immune system is involved in lymphocytes

Answer 19

Adaptive immunity

Question 20

What is adaptive immunity

Answer 20

Learnt immune system

Question 21

What is the origin of T cells

Answer 21

Thymus

Question 22

What is the origin of B cell

Answer 22

Bone marrow

Question 23

What is the origin of NK cell

Answer 23

Bone marrow

Question 24

What is the role of platelets

Answer 24

Clotting

Question 25

What are the cell features of platelets

Answer 25

No nucleus | Have granules

Question 26

What is the role of granules in platelets

Answer 26

Secrete substances that control clotting and breakdown of blood clot

Question 27

How are platelets removed

Answer 27

By macrophages in the spleen and liver

Question 28

What does low levels of platelets lead to

Answer 28

Brushing and haemorrhage

Question 29

Which cells are produced by haematopoiesis but are not measured in a full blood count (FBC)

Answer 29

Dendritic cells | Mast cells

Question 30

What are dendritic cells

Answer 30

Antigen presenting cells found in tissues

Question 31

What are mast cells

Answer 31

Produced in bone marrow but mature in tissues and are very similar to basophils Acute inflammation in allergic reactions

Question 32

List the blood cells from most to least in order

Answer 32

``` Red cells Platelets Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes ```

Question 33

What is haematopoiesis

Answer 33

The process of blood cell production

Question 34

What is haematopoiesis regulated by

Answer 34

Growth factors and cytokines

Question 35

What is the site of haematopoiesis in infants

Answer 35

Bone marrow

Question 36

What is the site of haematopoiesis in adults

Answer 36

Bone marrow

Question 37

How does a haematopoietic stem cell become a terminally differentiated cell

Answer 37

Stem cells multipotent therefore they can become different differentiated cells

Question 38

What is erythropoiesis

Answer 38

Development of red blood cells from a stem cell

Question 39

What happens to the nucleus as a red blood cell forms

Answer 39

Nucleus becomes extruded

Question 40

What are reticulocytes

Answer 40

The cell before it differentiates into a red cell

Question 41

What are the cell features of RNA

Answer 41

Has RNA

Question 42

What happens when there is a bleed

Answer 42

Erythropoiesis is increased to produced red cells

Question 43

Which other cells during erythropoiesis can become pumped into the blood especially during a bleed

Answer 43

Reticulocytes

Question 44

Which growth hormone controls erythropoiesis

Answer 44

Erythropoietin

Question 45

Which organ produces erythropoietin

Answer 45

Kidney

Question 46

When is erythropoietin released

Answer 46

Low oxygen which is sensed by oxygen sensors on the kidney

Question 47

Why are people with chronic renal failure anaemic

Answer 47

Due to lack of production of erythropoietin

Question 48

If red cells are being destroyed in the periphery what might you see on a blood film

Answer 48

Erythropoiesis is going to become stimulated so you might see reticulocytes

Question 49

Which hormone regulates platelet production

Answer 49

Thrombopoietin

Question 50

Which organ produces thrombopoeitin

Answer 50

Liver

Question 51

What do you get when there is a block in haematopoesis and the cell produces without control

Answer 51

Acute leukaemia

Question 52

What happens when you do not get any negative feedback on haematopoiesis

Answer 52

Chronic leukaemia

Question 53

Apart from hormones what other substance is haematopoiesis under the control of

Answer 53

Transcription factor

Question 54

What are transciption factors

Answer 54

Proteins that control gene transcription

Question 55

How do we increase cell counts in clinical practise

Answer 55

Erthrocyte transfusion Platelet transfusion Haematopoietic stem cells Erythropoietin - mainly used in end stage renal disease or Jehovah’s Witness G-CSF- for neutropenic patients Thrombopoeietin receptor agonist- to treat low platelet disorders

Question 56

What are the 2 reasons that a cell count might be low

Answer 56

1) not being produced by the bone marrow i.e aplastic anaemia 2) being destroyed quickly in the blood i.e immune thrombocytopenia

Question 57

How do we differentiate between aplastic anaemia and immune thrombocytopenia

Answer 57

By taking a bone marrow biopsy

Question 58

What are the 2 types of bone marrow biopsy test

Answer 58

Aspirate | Trephine

Question 59

What is an aspirate test

Answer 59

Extracts the semi-liquid bone marrow which is examined under the microscope to look at which cells are present

Question 60

What is a trephine biopsy

Answer 60

Obtaining a core of bone marrow to look at cellularity and marrow infiltration by histology and immunohistochemistry