L13: Inflammation

Question 1

What is the clinical consequence of the innate immune system

Answer 1

Inflammation

Question 2

What does inflammation look like

Answer 2

Erythema
Oedema
Heat
Pain

Question 3

What is inflammation

Answer 3

A responce to tissue injury

Question 4

Why do we have inflammation

Answer 4

To destroy the agent and induce repair

Question 5

What response is the inflammation caused by

Answer 5

Acute phase response

Question 6

How does the acute phase responce develop

Answer 6

1) pathogen is recognised by the innate immune responce
2) cellular activation
3) cytokine activation
4) phagocytosis of pathogen
5) results in inflammation

Question 7

How do we recognise pathogen in the innate immune system

Answer 7

PPRs on the innate immune cells recognise PAMPs on the pathogen

Question 8

Which major cell initiates the acute phase

Answer 8

Mast cells

Question 9

What do mast cells do

Answer 9

Release histamine

Question 10

What does histamine cause

Answer 10

Vasodilation
Increased permeability
Irritation of nerve ending

Question 11

Which other mediators cause inflammation

Answer 11

COX pathway

Lipoxygenase pathway

Question 12

What does the cox pathway involve

Answer 12

Prostaglandins

Thromboxanes

Question 13

What does the cox pathway result in to cause inflammation

Answer 13

Vasodilation

Oedema

Question 14

What does the lipoxygenase pathway involve

Answer 14

Leukotrienes

Question 15

What does the lipoxygenase pathway result in

Answer 15

Increased vascular permeability

Bronchospasm

Question 16

What drugs can we use to block inflammation

Answer 16

Anti histamine
Cox pathway inhibitors
Leukotrienes inhibitors

Question 17

Name a drug that blocks the cox pathway

Answer 17

NSAIDS

Question 18

What does vasodilation cause on the skin

Answer 18

Erythema

Question 19

What does increased vascular permeability show as

Answer 19

Oedema

Question 20

What does cytokines do

Answer 20

Heat

Question 21

What does mediators cause

Answer 21

Pain

Question 22

Why does vasodilation occur

Answer 22

Increases blood flow

Question 23

Why does increased permeability occur

Answer 23

To leak plasma proteins into the tissue

Question 24

What can local inflammation lead to

Answer 24

Systemic inflammation

Question 25

What is systemic inflammation mediated by

Answer 25

Acute phase cytokines

Question 26

Name the acute phase cytokines

Answer 26

IL-1 TNF alpha IL-6

Question 27

Which organs does the acute phase cytokines act on

Answer 27

``` Endothelium Hypothalamus Fat and muscle Liver Bone marrow Dendritic cells ```

Question 28

Which drugs can we use to block the acute phase responce

Answer 28

Anti TNF alpha Anti IL-1 Anti IL-6

Question 29

What happens when there is overproduction of TNF alpha and IL1

Answer 29

Septic shock

Question 30

Why do we get septic shock

Answer 30

Enormous amounts of vasodilation | Leakage of fluid

Question 31

What is the outcome of acute inflammation

Answer 31

``` Recovering of infection Healing scar formation Abscess formation Granuloma formation Chronic inflammation ```

Question 32

Why do we get chronic inflammation

Answer 32

When the acute inflammation doesn’t resolve

Question 33

What are the acute phase proteins that we measure

Answer 33

CRP C3 Fibrinogen Ferritin

Question 34

If the CRP is an acute phase protein then what is the role of CRP

Answer 34

Opsonise Activate classical complement pathway Pathogen recognition

Question 35

When does CRP increase

Answer 35

Injury Inflammation Infection

Question 36

What is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Answer 36

The rate at which erythrocytes settle out of unclotted blood in one hour

Question 37

What happens to the ESR in a acute phase

Answer 37

Increase

Question 38

Therefore what happens to both the CRP and ESR in an acute phase response

Answer 38

both increase