L11a: Barrier Immunity And Innate Immunity

Question 1

What is your barrier immunity

Answer 1

First line of defence

Question 2

What is the barrier immunity

Answer 2

Any part of the body that is exposed to the outside world with a specialised feature to resist pathogen

Question 3

What does the barrier immunity involve

Answer 3

Physical barrier

Active barrier defence

Question 4

What is the active barrier defence

Answer 4

Cilia
Secretions
Anti bacterial peptides

Question 5

What does the barrier of the gut involve

Answer 5

Commensal bacteria
Layers of mucous
Epithelial cells
Paneth cells

Question 6

What do paneth cells do

Answer 6

Secrete anti microbial peptides

Question 7

What does the layer of mucous on top of the epithelial cells do

Answer 7

Trap bacteria

Question 8

What do commensal bacteria do

Answer 8

Barrier and competitor to pathogens

Question 9

Are commensal bacteria bad/pathogenic

Answer 9

No

Question 10

When a pathogen breaches the barrier which immune system does it come into contact with first

Answer 10

Innate immune system

Question 11

Does the innate immune system have memory

Answer 11

No

Question 12

Does the innate immune system have a high or low specificity

Answer 12

Low

Question 13

What type of response does the innate immune response produce

Answer 13

Acute phase response/ inflammation

Question 14

What does the acute phase response involve

Answer 14

Vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
Cytokines
Nerve stimulation

Question 15

What does vasodilation cause

Answer 15

Erythema

Question 16

What does increased vascular permeability cause

Answer 16

Oedema

Question 17

What does cytokine produce

Answer 17

Heat

Question 18

What does nerve stimulation cause

Answer 18

Pain

Question 19

Why is the acute phase response is important

Answer 19

Vasodilation and oedema: allow cells migrate to the tissue
Heat: inhibit pathogen growth
Pain: withdraw from insult

Question 20

What are the cells of the innate system

Answer 20

Dendritic cells
Macrophages 
Neutrophils 
Basophils 
Eosinophil 
Mast cells

Question 21

What is the role of dendritic cells and macrophages

Answer 21

Present antigen to cells

Question 22

What is the role of macrophages and neutrophils

Answer 22

Phagocyte

Question 23

What is the role of granulocytes i.e neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells and basophils

Answer 23

Release granules to kill the pathogen

Question 24

What are macrophages involved in

Answer 24

Detection and phagocytosis of pathogen

Question 25

What do macrophages originate from

Answer 25

Monocytes

Question 26

What is the role of dendritic cells

Answer 26

Capture and process antigen into MHC classes to present it to the adaptive immune system

Question 27

Which cells of the adaptive system does dendritic cells present to

Answer 27

T cells

Question 28

What are the cells of granulocytes

Answer 28

Neutrophils Mast cells Basophils Eosinophils

Question 29

Which granulocytes are important for the acute phase response and allergic response

Answer 29

Mast cell | Basophils

Question 30

What do granulocytes contain

Answer 30

Inflammatory proteins Toxic enzymes Oxygen radicals

Question 31

Which receptors recognise the pathogens

Answer 31

Pattern recognition receptors (PPRs)

Question 32

Which cells have the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Answer 32

Every innate immune cells

Question 33

What do PRRs recognise on the microbes

Answer 33

PAMPs

Question 34

What is the main type of pattern recognition receptor

Answer 34

Toll like receptors

Question 35

Where are toll like receptors found

Answer 35

On the innate cell surface or inside the cells

Question 36

What happen when PPR recognise PAMPs

Answer 36

Stimulation of cytokine production

Question 37

What is the role of cytokine

Answer 37

Attract cells to the site of infection or modulate cell activity

Question 38

What are the 3 proteins of the innate system

Answer 38

Cytokine Acute phase proteins Complement proteins

Question 39

What is the role of acute phase proteins

Answer 39

Opsonise or present pathogens to the immune system

Question 40

What is complement

Answer 40

Cascade of proteins that opsonise, kill, activate or chemoattract.

Question 41

How to cytokines act to stimulate cells

Answer 41

Autocrine Paracrine Endocrine

Question 42

What is autocrine

Answer 42

Acts on the same cell

Question 43

What is paracrine

Answer 43

Acts on nearby cells

Question 44

What is endocrine

Answer 44

Acts on distant cells

Question 45

What are the key cytokine families

Answer 45

``` Interferon Chemokine Tumour necrosis factor family Interleukin family Haematopoietins Transforming growth factor beta family ```

Question 46

Which proteins are involved in opsonisation

Answer 46

Immunoglobulin Complement Acute phase proteins

Question 47

What is opsonisation

Answer 47

Coating the pathogen and making it visible to the immune system

Question 48

Which cells produce immunoglobulin

Answer 48

B cells

Question 49

Which marker is used in the hospital setting to see the inflammation

Answer 49

CRP

Question 50

What happens to the speed of phagocytosis when there is multiple opsonisation via multiple proteins

Answer 50

Faster rate of opsonisation

Question 51

What is the 3 main ways that we can activate the complement system

Answer 51

Classical Lectin Alternative

Question 52

What is the classical pathway initiated by

Answer 52

Antibody antigen binding

Question 53

What is the lectin pathway initiated by

Answer 53

Carbohydrates and sugar

Question 54

What is the alternative pathway initiated by

Answer 54

Direct contact with microbial polysaccharide

Question 55

What complement protein does all 3 pathways end up activating

Answer 55

C3

Question 56

What happens when the complement is activated

Answer 56

Inflammation Cytolysis via MAC (punching a hole in the microbial membrane) Opsonisation Chemotaxis: neutrophil attraction by c5a Inactivation of complement: to limit damage to host cells

Question 57

Usually where does inactive complement do

Answer 57

Circulate in the blood