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L11 - spinal cord and spinal nerves Flashcards

1
Q

ganglia

A

grouping of cell bodies in the PNS

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2
Q

nerve

A

collection of axons

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3
Q

fascicule / tracts / pathways

A

collection of white matter fibres in the CNS

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4
Q

location of spinal cord

A

extends from foramen magnum to L1/2

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5
Q

where does the spinal cord terminate

A

conus medullaris

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6
Q

how do spinal nerves leave

A

intervertebral foramina

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7
Q

cauda equina

A

Spinal nerves continue to emerge to leave below the conus medullaris

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8
Q

thicker part of the spinal cord

A

cervical / lumbar

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9
Q

thinner part of the spinal cord

A

thoracic

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10
Q

filum terminale

A

proves an inferior attachment for the spinal cord

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11
Q

what is contained in the dural sac

A

CSF

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12
Q

how many spinal nerve segments are there

A

31

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13
Q

lumbar cisterm

A

region of the dural sac –> most common site for LP

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14
Q

location of conus medullaris

A

L1-2

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15
Q

cervical enlargement

A

brachial plexus

C1-C8

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16
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A

lumbosacral plexus

L1-S2

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17
Q

why are cervical and lumbar regions thicker

A

lots of neurones for motor control which innervate the upper and lower limb

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18
Q

where do C- spinal nerves leave

A

above corresponding spinal level

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19
Q

how many C spinal vertebrae are there

A

7

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20
Q

how many C spinal nerves are there

A

8

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21
Q

why are there more spinal nerves than spinal vertebrae

A

in the C-spine, spinal nerves leave above corresponding spinal level
In the T spine, spinal nerves leave below their corresponding spinal level

there is therefore a gap for spinal nerve C8 to leave above T1 (below C7)

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22
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

extensions of the Pia which secure the spinal cord as they emerge and attach to the dura

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23
Q

epineurium

A

a protective outer sheath of connective tissue for each spinal nerve

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24
Q

how is the epineurium formed

A

spinal nerve and meningeal coverings

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25
what is contained within the real epidural space
fat
26
location of epidural/extradural space
between dura and vertebrae
27
explain differential growth between vertebral column and the spinal cord
- vertebral column grows faster compared to spinal cord | - spinal cord regresses and ascends upwards
28
termination of spinal cord in children
L3
29
coccyx
filum terminale
30
where to insert needle in lumbar puncture
anywhere around L3 - lumbar cistern
31
what structure allows for lumbar puncture at lumbar cistern
Cauda equina | - nerve roots will just move away gently when the needle is inserted
32
when is a lumbar puncture not indicated
patients with increased inter cranial pressure - a pressure differential would be created - CSF would escape - brain could herniate
33
why should a patient bend their back when receiving a lumbar puncture
- ligaments will stretch so there is room to insert the needle
34
what structure are you hitting when you hear a pop in a lumbar puncture
ligamentum flavum
35
epidural anaesthesia
- Still puncture ligamentum flavum, however, do not go as deep - Popular to insert at region of sacrum for pregnant women as this will numb the nerves around the perineum
36
vasculature of spinal cord
anterior and posterior spinal arteries and nerves
37
how are anterior and posterior spinal arteries enforced
segmental spinal arteries
38
medullary artery
originates from segmental spinal arteries | - reinforces asa in the anterolateral aspects of the cord
39
anterior and posterior radicular artery
supplies spinal nerve rootlets
40
dorsal horn
- many synapses occur | - mainly of sensory neurones
41
lateral horn
origin of preganglionic visceral motor neurones of the sympathetic and parasmypathetic nervous system
42
ventral horn
motor neurones which innervate muscles
43
ventral white commissure
allows for communication / crossing of fibres from hemispheres
44
peripheral nervous system
connections outside of the brain
45
afferent fibres
sensory | - sends info TO CNS
46
efferent fibres
motor | - sends into AWAY FROM CNS
47
how is CNS connected to PNS
spinal cord is connected to PNS via nerve rootlets
48
how to nerve rootlets leave the CNS
ventral - leave anterolateral sulcus | dorsal - leave posterolateral sulci
49
what do ventral and dorsal nerve rootlets combine to form
segmental spinal nerve
50
what do afferent sensory fibres do once entering the spinal nerve
segregate to the dorsal root ganglia
51
what happens in the ventral horn
cell bodies of somatic motor neurones leave the cord and join the spinal nerve (via the ventral root)
52
when does the reflex arc occur
- No time to for info to process properly - Quick response - Occurs at level of spinal cord
53
reflex arc
- sensory afferent fibres travel to CNS using dorsal route - synapse with interneurones - interneurones relay information to cel body of efferent neurones - leave ventral horn and use ventral route of spinal nerve and use the PNS to go to the muscle it is stimulating
54
which part of the spinal cord has the most white matter
cervical
55
why does the cervical cord have the most white matter
Increasing fibres relaying information from all over the body
56
how does white matter change throughout the cord
increases as cord ascends
57
where in the spinal cord are ventral grey horns enlarged
- where motor fibres to limbs arise | - cervical and lumbosacral enlargements
58
location of lateral horn
T1-L2 | S2-S4
59
where in the spinal cord are there 2 dorsal columns on either side of the midline
above T6
60
what are the 2 dorsal columns on either side of the midline
- Gracile fascicle medially | - Cuneate fascicle laterally
61
dorsal columns below T6
1 or no fascicles
62
how is grey matter divided into regions
- sites of sensory or motor nuclei | - extends varying length of cord
63
is the dorsal horn motor or sensory
sensory
64
is the ventral horn motor or sensory
motor
65
lissauer's tract
where sensory fibres enter to synapse to their corresponding lamina of grey matter
66
role of dorsal columns
sen ascending sensory information - fine touch - vibrations - pressure - joint position
67
lateral corticospinal tract
descending motor neurones for voluntary control of muscles
68
ventral corticospinal tract
descending motor fibres for voluntary movement
69
spinothalamic tract
ascending sensory fibres - crude touch - pain - temperature

control (38 decks)

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