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L6 - brainstem and cerebellum Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

conduit

A

allows passage of long pathways between brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

general functions of the brainstem

A
  • conduit
  • integrative
  • cranial nerves
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3
Q

reticular formation

A

control of consciousness, CVS, respiratory functions and perception of pain

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4
Q

integrative functions of the brainstem

A

receives motor information and modulates and influences this to make it more accurate and precise

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5
Q

main structures of the brainstem

A

midrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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6
Q

rostral location of the brainstem

A

midbrain is continuous with diencephalon

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7
Q

caudal location of brainstem

A

medulla is continuous with spinal cord

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8
Q

ventral location of the brainstem

A

lobed of the occipital bone

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9
Q

dorsal location of the brainstem

A

cerebellum

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10
Q

how many cranial nerves arise from the brainstem

A

10

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11
Q

ventricular structures running through the brainstrm

A

4th ventricle and cerebral aqueduct

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12
Q

location of 4th ventricle

A

between pons and medulla anteriorly and cerebellum posteriorly

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13
Q

location of cerebral aqueduct

A

level of midbrain

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14
Q

subdivisions of the brainstem

A

tectum
tegmentum
basal area

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15
Q

location of tectum

A

the roof
most dorsal
posterior to ventricular system

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16
Q

location of tegmentum

A

anterior to ventricular system

cranial nerve pathways and nuclei found here

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17
Q

location of basal area

A

most ventral

descending motor fibres found here

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18
Q

locked in syndrome

A

results from stroke at the level of the pons

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19
Q

why do eyes still move in locked in syndrome

A

these nerves arise above the pons

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20
Q

why are heart and breathing unaffected in locked in syndrome

A

we find these centres in the tegmentum

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21
Q

junction between pons and medulla

A

pontomedullary junction

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22
Q

pyramids

A

bumps in the brainstem as there is white matter fibres or cell bodies of neurones underneath them

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23
Q

decussation of pyramids

A

interrupt the anterior medial fissure and consists of descending motor fibres crossing over from one pyramid to the other

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24
Q

what separates the pyramids and olives

A

antero-lateral sulcus

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25
where to olives lie
lateral to pyramids
26
hypoglossal nerve origin
antero-lateral sulcus
27
what cranial nerves arise from the postero-lateral sulcus
9,10,11 | glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory
28
where is the postero-lateral sulcus
lateral to olives
29
rhomboid fossa
floor of 4th ventricle
30
which side of the medulla are pyramids and olives found
ventral
31
on which side of the medulla can the floor of the 4th ventricle be seen
dorsal
32
structures seen on dorsal view of medulla
cuneate tubercle gracile tubercle cuneate facsiculus gracile fasciculus
33
what are tubercles
swellings of fascicule at the top
34
what lies underneath the gracile and cuneate tubercles
white matter fibres and nuclei
35
which fibres are located on the dorsal side of the medulla
ascending sensory fibres
36
where are descending motor fibres found
desiccation of pyramids on ventral view of medulla
37
where are ascending sensory fibres found
dorsal view if medulla
38
most rostral part of the medulla
open medulla
39
most caudal part of the medulla
closed medulla
40
obex
marks the point where the 4th ventricle ends and becomes continious with the central canal which passes through the caudal medulla and into the spinal cord
41
closed medulla structures
- central canal in the middle - cuneate and gracile tubercle at dorsal end - pyramids at vental end
42
open medulla structures
- 4th ventricle - no tissue of the medulla posteriorly - olives looks like squashed paper bags - inferior cerebellar peduncle - basal area and tegmenjtum visible
43
junction between midbrain and pons
ponto-mesencephalic junction
44
function of pons
bridges two cerebellar hemispheres
45
fibres on pons
transverse pontine fibres
46
basilar groove
where basilar artery sits
47
which cranial nerves originate from the pons
5,6,7,8 | trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear
48
where does CN6 originate
lateral to the midline of the pons
49
where does CN7 and CN8 originate
cerebellarpontene angle
50
cerebellarpontene
junction between pons and cerebella
51
cerebellar peduncles
where the brainstem attaches to the cerebella
52
superior cerebella peduncle
cerebellum to midbrain
53
middle cerebella peduncle
cerebellum to pons
54
inferior cerebella peduncle
cerebellum to medulla
55
which peduncle connects the cerebellum to the medulla
interior
56
which peduncle connects the cerebellum to the pons
middle
57
which peduncle connects the cerebellum to the midbrain
superior
58
facial colliculis
bump existing as something underlying them - formed due to some fibres of the facial nerve
59
structures in the tegmentum of the pons
starts picking up some of the middle cerebellar peduncle and cranial nerve nuclei
60
where is the nucleus of the facial nerve seen
caudal pons
61
nucleus of facial nerve
- Some fibres loop around the nucleus of the abducens nerve to emerge at the cerebellapontene angle - These are called the internal genu of the facial nerve
62
prominent features of rostral pons prosection
- transverse fibres - cerebral aqueduct at dorsal end - basilar groove at dental end
63
rostral junction of pons
pontomesencephalic
64
caudal junction of the pons
pontomedullay
65
where does CN5 enter
mid-pontine level
66
main feature on dorsal view of pons
cerebellar peduncles
67
rostral most component of the brainstem
midbrain
68
key structures on the ventral view of the midbrain
maxillary bodies and cerebral peduncles
69
continuations of the midbrain rostrally
diencephalon
70
cerebral peduncles
a collection of descending motor fibres from the cortex
71
interpeduncular fossa
space between the cerebral peduncles
72
which cranial nerves emerge from the interpeduncular fossa
oculomotor
73
where does CN4 emerge from
midbrain dorsally and makes its way around the midbrain
74
most prominent features of the dorsal view of the midbrain
4 colliculi - 2 superior - 2 inferior
75
importance of superior colliculi
visual system
76
importance of inferior colliculi
auditory system
77
how are the colliculi attached to the thalamus
projections called brachium
78
what does the midbrain look like on a cross section
mickey mouse
79
substantia nigra
- contain dopamine containing neurones | - grey matter of the midbrain
80
location of substantial nigra
posterior to cerebral peduncles
81
most prominent feature of cross section of midbrain
cerebral aqueduct on the dorsal end
82
what do the cerebral peduncles look like on a cross section of the midbrain
mickey mouse ears
83
ascending reticular activating system
pass to the cortex and involved in consciousness
84
reticular nuclei
gives rise to descending motor pathway
85
which artery lies over the abducens nerve
anterior cerebral artery
86
location of oculomotor nerve CN3
sandwiched between superior cerebellar artery and posterior cerebral artery
87
role of cerebellum
coordination of movement, maintenance of balance and posture
88
location of cerebellum
- under occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres | - dorsal to the brainstem
89
ventral view of cerebellum
like looking through the 4th ventricle (from pons)
90
lobes of cerebellum
anterior and posterior
91
how are the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum separated
primary fissure
92
how are the hemispheres of the cerebellum separated
vermis
93
floccunodular lobe
formed by the floccule and nodules in the middle of the cerebellum at the level of the horizontal fissure
94
location of flocculi
tucked under peduncles
95
location of tonsils
posterior to medulla
96
what could happen to the cerebellum in an increase in intracranial pressure
herniation of the tonsils which could compress the medulla
97
how is the cerebellum separated from the occipital lobes of the telencephalon
tentorium cerbelli
98
what are peduncles
white matter tracts
99
arterial supply to the cerebellum
- posterior inferior cerebellar artery - superior cerebellar artery - anterior inferior cerebellar artery
100
clinical signs of someone with cerebellar damage
- intention tremor (low frequency tremor in the hand) - past pointing (inability to place a finger accurately on a selected point) - dysdiadochokinesis (Inability to execute rapidly alternating movements, particularly of the limbs) - uncontrollable eye movemnt
101
test for dysdiadochokinesis
tapping the right hand fast on the back of the left hand
102
test for past pointing
finger to nose test - ask them to touch your finger than their touch nose
103
location of cerebral aqueduct
behind the midbrain
104
origins of the brainstem
mesencephalon myelencephalon metencephalon
105
structure which lies above the midbrain
diencephalon
106
location of substantia nigra
posterior to peduncles in the midbrain

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