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CAPS 390 > L15. Blood > Flashcards

L15. Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

Specialized connective tissue

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2
Q

What does blood consists of?

A

Formed elements= (45% of RBC) Cells+Platelets
(1% of buffy coat consists of platelets an WBC)
ECM= Plasma
55% of Plasma:
90% water, 9% protein
1% dissolved ions and gases

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3
Q

What are the 5 types of plasma proteins

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulins
  3. Clotting Protein
  4. Complement proteins
  5. Plasma lipoproteins
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4
Q

Where is the source of most of the plasma proteins?

A

liver

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5
Q

What does high levels of LDL indicate?

A

hypercholesterolemia

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6
Q

What do you get when you remove clotting factors from plasma?

A

serum

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7
Q

What is the function of albumin?

A

maintains colloid pressure and transports certain insoluble metabolites

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8
Q

What is the function of complement proteins?

A

destruction of micro-ogranisms and initiation of inflammation

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9
Q

What is the function of plasma lipoproteins?

A

transport triglyceriods and cholesterol from the liver to other body cells ( or to the liver )

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10
Q

What is the hematocrit?

A

It consists of the formed elements ( RBC, WBC and platelets)

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11
Q

Can the buffy coat composition change? If so when

A

Yes it can change during extreme pathological conditions

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12
Q

What stain is used to stain blood

A

Wright stain

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13
Q

In a Wright stain what are the colors seen and what do they stain?

A

blue= acid
pink=protein
purple=glycoprotein

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14
Q

Describe the shape and nucleus type of erythrocytes

A

-biconcave disc
-no nucleus
-stains wright pink because hemoglobin is acidophillic ( so it is actually basic)
~8um in diameter
-biconcave in shape ( increases -SA for gas exchange)
-few organelles
- has sub-plasmamembranous cytoskeleton
- has surface carbohydrates

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15
Q

What is the functions of RBC?

A

transport hemoglobin and binds O2 and CO2

functions inside circulatory system

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16
Q

What is anemia?

A

RBC deficiency
can be
-metabolic ( iron deficiency)
- genetic ( sickle call anemia)

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17
Q

What is in the cytoplasm of RBC

A
  • packed with Hb
  • protein +iron/heme group
  • contains carbonic anhydrase enzyme
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18
Q

What are the carbohydrates on the surface of RBC for?

A

Used for surface antigens.
AB universal acceptor
O universal donor

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the plasmamembranous cytoskeleton

A
  • maintains RBC shape and flexibility

- needed for the RBC movement through the capillaries

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20
Q

Write the equation in the RBC involving carbonic anhydrase

A

H2)+CO2-> H2CO3 ( this is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase)-> H+ + HCO3- ( this is caused by alkali RBC)

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21
Q

What is the function of producing bicarbonate ions?

A
  • used to buffer

- used to carry CO2

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22
Q

What is the lifespan of a RBC?

A

120 days

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23
Q

When/ How does RBCs break down?

A
  • loss of cytoskeletal integrity
  • slows RBC movement in vessels + fragility
  • RBC degradation in the spleen
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24
Q

What is the % composition of proteins on the RBC

A

50%

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25
Q

What are the 2 main proteins found on the RBC

A

glycophorins=membrane anchors for cytoplasmic adaptor/ linker complexes
band 3=membrane anchors for anion transporter (ie. for HCO3)

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26
Q

Can the RBC make proteins

A

No, has no nucleus

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27
Q

What is the percentage composition of WBC in the blood

A

less than 1% of total cell number

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28
Q

What are the functions of WBC

A
  • travel in the circulatory system
  • function outside of the circulatory system
  • exit the vasculature by integrin-dependent ‘Diapedesis’
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29
Q

What are the 2 general types of WBC ?

A
  • Granulocytes

- Agranulocytes

30
Q

What are the types of Granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophiles
  • Basophiles
  • Eosinophiles
31
Q

What is the function of granulocytes

A
  • needed for low specificity innate immunity
  • cytoplasm of granulocytes contain characteristic cytoplasmic granules
  • have cell-type specific =secretory vesicles
32
Q

What are the characteristics of neutrophils

A
  • short lived
  • hours of circulation
  • days in CT after diapedesis
  • 1st responders during innate immune response
33
Q

Describe the nucleus in neutrophils

A

segmented 3-5 lobes, densely stained

34
Q

Describe the cytoplasm in neutrophils

A

pale, fine granular, evenly dispersed specific granules

  • vesicles have anti-bacterial enzymes
  • have many lysosomes
  • golgi complex
35
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils

A
  • phagocytes bacteria ( phagoctic when activated)
  • generate pus when they swell and die after digesting bacteria
  • increases in the acute bacterial infections
36
Q

What is the composition of Basophiles in WBC

A

-less than 1 % of of WBC in circulation

37
Q

What is the diameter of basophiles

A

10-14 um

38
Q

What is the diameter of neutrophiles

A

9-12 um

39
Q

Describe the nucleus of the basophile

A
  • blobed/segmented nuclues
40
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of the basophile

A
  • the vacuoles are acidic so they are attract basophillic stains, large blue specific granules that stain basic dyes
  • granules have histamine, heparin, chemoattractants that they release to attract other granulocytes to amplify response
41
Q

What are the functions of basophiles

A
  • increases vascular permeability

- involved in anti-coagulatoin

42
Q

Describe the lifespan of basophiles

A

1-2 years in connective tissues: initiate /amplify innate immune response

43
Q

What happens when basophiles come together with mast cells?

A
  • de-granulation of basophiles occur
  • causes anaphylactic shock due to widespread vasodilation, causes edema and shock ( decreased blood volume) as well as constriction of smooth muscles
44
Q

What can be used to counteract an Anaphylactic shock?

A

-epinephrine counteracts vasodilation and relaxing the brinchiolar smooth muscle

45
Q

What is the % composition of eosinophiles?

A

2%

46
Q

What is the lifespan of eosinophiles?

A

1-2 weeks in connective tissue

47
Q

Describe eosinophiles

A
  • pink eosinophillic
  • dense-cored granules
  • active in late stages of innate and adaptive immune response
48
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of eosinophiles

A
  • large homogenous and granules that are coarse and highly refractile
  • pink granules with interum = crystalized core
  • golgi complex present
49
Q

What are the functions of granules in eosinophiles

A
  • pink granules with interum = crystalized core
  • contain Major Basic Protein that permeabilizes the membranes of parasites
  • Histaminase that dampens innate immune response
  • phagocytoses neutralized antigens/ antibody complexes and destroys them during the end stage of a specific adaptive immune response
50
Q

What are the 2 types of argranulocytes

A
  1. monocytes

2. lymphocytes

51
Q

What are characteristics of agranulocytes

A
  • few cell type-specific granules by LM

- do have some non-specific granules =lysosomes

52
Q

What are monocytes

A
  • largest circulating blood cell (12-20
  • exit circulation by ‘diapedesis’ (migrate through blood vessel wall)
  • differentiate into macrophages in connective tissue
53
Q

What is the % composition of monocytes in WBCs?

A

5%

54
Q

Describe the nucleus of the monocytes

A

-indented kidney shaped, lightly stained

55
Q

What are the functions of the monocytes

A
  • is motile
  • gives rise to macrophages
  • phagocytic: operate throughout innate immune reponse
  • APC (antigen presenting cells) help initiate adaptive immune response
56
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of the monocytes

A
  • agranular
  • pale blue cytoplasm
  • has lysosomes
57
Q

Where are monocytes activated?

A

They are activated in the connective tissues to form macrophages

58
Q

What is the % composition in lymphocytes?

A

25% of WBC

59
Q

Describe the nucleus of the lymphocytes?

A

small, round, slightly indented darkly stained

60
Q

Describe th cytoplasm of the lymphochytes

A

agranular, faintly basophilic, blue to grey

-pale rim of cytoplasm in unactivated lymphocytes

61
Q

What are the different types of lymphocytes, what are their functions

A

involved in adaptive immunity (response to foreign antigens)
B lymphocytes: humoral/secreted antibody-mediated adaptive immunity
T lymphocytes: cell-mediated adaptive immunity

62
Q

What are platelets?

A
  • membrane bound cell fragments
  • no nucleus
  • contains granules/secretory vesicles
  • contains integrins and cytoskeletal elements
  • in free floating cicrulating blood
63
Q

Where are platelets derived from?

A

produced in megakaryotes in the bone marrow

64
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A

-blood clotting, hemostasis

65
Q

Describe how platelets are activated

A
  1. platelets integrins bindto sub-endotehlial collagen in wounded blood vessels
  2. collagen binding and paracrine signals released from the wounded blood vessel epithelium ( von willebrand factor) activate the platelets
  3. activation causes platelet aggregation and cytoskeletal contraction of actin and myosin associated with the microtubular ring which leads to tubular system eversion to produce protrusive psudopods and massive vesicle exocytosis of factors (thrombospodian and platelet 3 factors)
66
Q

what is a von willebrand factor

A

it is the signal released by the blood vessel epithelium to activate platelets

67
Q

What are thrombospondin

A

increase platelet-platelet aggregation to generate a platelet plug

68
Q

What are platelet factor 3

A

facilitates a clotting cascade to generate fibrin ‘fibers’ from soluble fibrinogen in the plasma which the platelets also bind to via integrins

69
Q

What is thrombasthenia?

A

It is the loss of function mutations in platelet integrins leads to coagulopathies

70
Q

What is coagulapathies

A

lack of clotting

71
Q

What are megakaryotes?

A

large cells, a lot of nucleus

72
Q

What is Ankyrin and Band 4 proteins

A

adaptor linkers to the RBC cytoskeleton

needed to maintain RBC shape and flexibility

CAPS 390 (35 decks)

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