L35. Female reproductive 1

Question 0

What are the external female genitalia

Answer 0

• vestibule
• labia Majora
• labia minora
• clitoris

Question 1

What are the internal female reproductive organs

Answer 1

• ovaries
• oviduct
• uterus
• vagina

Question 2

What does the female reproductive system consists of ?

Answer 2

Internal reproductive organs
External genitalia
Mammary glands

Question 3

When do the organs in the female reproductive system become functional and non functional respectively ?

Answer 3

Menarche and menopause

Question 4

What controls the development and function of the female reproductive system?

Answer 4

Anterior pituitary gland

Question 5

Describe the ovaries

Answer 5

• paired organs located behind the pelvis
• 3cm long and 2 cm wide
• suspended by the mesovarium

Question 6

Describe the mesovarium

Answer 6

• folds of the peritoneum that line the abdominal cavity
• contains loose connective tissue and blood vessels and nerves
• covered by simple squamous epithelium

Question 7

State from outside to inside the ovarian histology

Answer 7

• germinal epithelium
• tunica albuginea
• cortex
• medulla

Question 8

Describe the germinal epithelium

Answer 8

• simple squamous epithelium
• continuous with the peritoneal mesothelium
• wounded during ovulation
• can be trapped within the connective tissue stroma of the ovary to form cyst

Question 9

Describe the tunica albuginea

Answer 9

Dense irregular connective tissue below the germinal epithelium. The stroma.

Question 10

Describe the cortex in the ovary

Answer 10

• loose connective tissues
• follicular and follicle development
• corpus luteum formation and degradation

Question 11

Describe the mesoderm of the ovary

Answer 11

• Loose connective tissue

- highly vascular

Question 12

When is the follicular phase in the mistrial cycle

Answer 12

Day 1-14

Question 13

During the beginning of the menstrual cycle how many primordial follicles start and actually develop

Answer 13

20-50 primordial follicles develop in both ovaries but only one of this primordial follicles develop into a graffian follicle prior to ovulation

Question 14

Describe the primordial follicle

Answer 14

• 400000 present at menarche
• oocyte completes meiosis only after fertilization
• surrounded by a simple squamous epithelium of follicular cells
• at the beginning of each ovarian cycle there are 20-50 primordial follicles that will develop into the primary follicle
• differentiation is driven by the para crime factors in the ovary.

Question 16

Describe the primary follicle

Answer 16

• oocyte increases in size. Secretes the glycoproteins that forms the zona pellucida
• ZP3 glycoprotein in the zona pellucida acts as s ligand that binds to receptors in the spe m head after capacitation of the spermatozoa in the uterus or oviduct
• surrounding follicle cells become cubodial and multilayer

Question 17

What are granulosa cells

Answer 17

They are cells surrounding follicular cells that become cubodial and multi-layer. produce aromayase which converts androsterone ( seceted by the theca interna) to estrogren

Question 18

What is the theca interna

Answer 18

component of the primary follicle, surrounding cells ensheath the follicle and is involved in estrogen production, it is well vascularized
- (theca interna) become steriodogenic; they synthesize and secrete small amounts of progesterone and androstenedione;

Question 19

What are the components of the primary follicle

Answer 19

1. oocyte
2. zona pellucida
3. granulosa cells
4. theca interna
5. theca externa

Question 20

What are the components in the primordial follicle

Answer 20

1. oocyte

2. squamous follicular cells

Question 21

What is the theca externa

Answer 21

It is a component in the primary follicule. an outer layer of stromal cells condense around the theca interna which is the theca externa
- they are modified fibroblast that lay down teh ECM and are slightly contractile

Question 22

Describe the components f the secondary follicle

Answer 22

1. oocyte
2. granulosa cells
3. zona pellucida
4. antrum (fluid filled with chamber)
5. theca interna

Question 23

What happens in the secondary follicle

Answer 23

1. FSH from the anterior pituitary drives differentiation of the granulosa cells
2. liquid starts to pool between grnulosa cells (liquid folliculi) this generates spaces between granulosa cells =antra
3. liquor folliculi contains plasma exudate as well as proteoglycans, GAGs, locally acting paracrine factors and estrogen – all of which is secreted by the granulosa cells

Question 24

What are the components of the graafian follicle

Answer 24

1. oocyte
2. granulosa cells
3. zona pellucida
4. theca interna
5. antrum
6. corona radiate

Question 25

Describe the Graafian follicle

Answer 25

1. follicule increases in size 2. all the antra come together to form a large antrum 3. oocyte is pushed to a side and surrounded by a thin layer of granulosa cells = corona radiata 4. high estrogen level causes negative feedback on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus to decrease FSH production. 5. Graafian follicle also produces inhibin which feeds back negatively -> the lagging secondary follicles degenerate and become fibrotic : atretic follicles 6. LH secretions by the anterior pituitary surges

Question 26

Describe what happens during ovulation

Answer 26

- LH surge increases blood flow to the ovaries - histamine/prostagladin is produced by the theca interna endothelial cells - capillaries in the theca interna leak plasma resulting in swelling/edema - collagenous and plasminogen activator produced by the theca exterana stormal cells leads to ECM digestion between the Graafian follicle and the tunica albuginea - theca externa cells contract, pressure present between the granulosa cell layer and ruptured germinal epithelium - the oocyte, corona radiata and liquor folliculi are expelled into the pelvic cavity - oocyte enters oviduct through fimbrae

Question 27

What is an ectopic pregnancy

Answer 27

if the oocyte remains in the abdominopelvic cavity and is fertilized there , it may implant and develop

Question 28

What happens in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

Answer 28

-cells from the theca interna, granulosa cells from the Graafian cycle respond to the increase in LH and a secondary increase in FSH to differentiate into the granulosa lutein and theca lutien within the highly vascularized corpus luteum

Question 29

What is the corpus luteum

Answer 29

- compose of the theca lutein and inner Granulosa lutein - theca lutein: produces small amounts of progesterone and large amount of androsterndione - inner Granulosa lutein: converts the androsterndione to large amounts of estrogen and progesterone made de novo

Question 30

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur

Answer 30

- high steroid production from the inner Granulosa lutein and theca lutein feedback negatively to decrease LH and FSH production. - no pregnancy: degradation of the cropus luteum and becomes collagenous in the last few days of the luteal cycle = corpus albicans

Question 31

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs

Answer 31

placenta would produce the hcG which maintains the corpus luteum through the first trimester until it produces its own steroids

Question 32

Where does the female reproductive tract open to

Answer 32

vestibule with urethra surrounded by the vulva

Question 33

What is the vestibule

Answer 33

- stratified squamous - many small glands in the lamina propria - serous,mucous and prostate like secretions that are stimulated upon sexual arousal

Question 34

What is the vulva

Answer 34

folds of skin surrounding the vestibule, sebacous glands, mahora lateral and minora medial

Question 35

What is the clitoris?

Answer 35

contains 2 corpora of erectile tissue at enterior most aspect of the ventricle ; highly innervated with Pacinian and Meissner corpuscles for sensory based arousal