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CAPS 390 > L18. Early Development 2 > Flashcards

L18. Early Development 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the syncytiotrophoblast do?

A
  1. produce hCG ( stop menstruration by keeping estrogen and progesterone high)
  2. produce proteolytic enzymes that digests and invade the endometrium and surround the blastocyst
  3. forms trophoblastic lacuna (gaps that allow maternal blood to flow through)
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2
Q

What are the 2 layers that grow around the amnionic cavity?

A
  1. epiblasts

2. amnioblast

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3
Q

What forms the Heuser membrane?

A

hypoblast cells that start to migrate

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4
Q

What surrounds the primary yolk sac/

A
  1. Heuser membrane

2. Hypoblast

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5
Q

What is the extraembryonic mesoderm?

A
  1. extraembryonic reticulum is invaded by the epiblasts cells
  2. extraembryonic mesoderm lines along the Heuser’s membrane and the cytotrophoblast
  3. separates the cytitrophoblasts from the amnioblast
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6
Q

What is the chronic cavity?

A

Forms between the 2 layers of mesoderm as fluid fills in the gaps

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7
Q

What happens on day 13 of implantation?

A
  1. Heuser’s membrane and connected extraembryonic mesoderm elongates and buckles
  2. definitive yolk sac forms as remnants of the primary yolk sac
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8
Q

What are the characteristics at the start of gastrulation?

A
  1. syncitiotrophoblasts have started to establish the placenta
  2. amniotic cavity forms
  3. definitive yolk sac forms
  4. embyo proper is formed
  5. has 2 layers; hypoblast and epiblast
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9
Q

How does the placenta form?

A

The extraembryonic mesoderm digs deeper into the synciyotrophoblast and thus it pushes down the cytotrophoblast

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10
Q

What are the 2 contributing components to the placenta?

A
  1. maternal component: decidua basalis

2. fetal component: chorionic villi

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11
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A

allows gas, nutrients and waste exchange.

blood comes close to one another but do not contact.

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12
Q

What are the 4 barriers between the mother’s and fetuses blood?

A
  1. synctiotrophoblast
  2. cytotrophoblast
  3. connective tissue surrounding the blood vessel
  4. epithelial of the blood vessel
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13
Q

What is the function of the amnion?

A

protects the embryo, eliminates waste

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14
Q

What is the function of the yolk sac?

A

produces blood until the liver forms
germ cells form here
migrate to gonads

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15
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

rearrangement of cells into the primary germ layers (mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm)

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16
Q

Identify all the components on page 3 part 2

A

page 3 part 2

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17
Q

What forms the embryo?

A

epiblast

18
Q

What is the first evidence of gastrulation?

A

the appearance of the primitive streak

19
Q

Identify the primitive peak, primitive node and primitive groove

A

They form the primitive streak ( page 3 part 3)

20
Q

How does the endoderm form?

A
  1. cells in the middel of the epiblast ingress

2. ingressing cells displace the hypoblast, the endoderm forms

21
Q

What does the endoderm form

A
  1. lines the gut wall

2. generates visceral tissues

22
Q

What happens after the formation of the endoderm

A
  1. second set of cells ingress from the epiblast to fomr the mesoderm
  2. mesoderm forms the muscle,bones and blood vessels
23
Q

After the formation of the endoderm and mesoderm what happens?

A

The epiblast forms the ectoderm

24
Q

What is the epithelial mesenchymal transformation?

A
  1. loss of adhesion between cells at the primitive streak
  2. transformation of cells at the primitive peak to mesoderm
  3. Slug a DNA-binding transcription factor regulates this gene expression of the primitive streak
  4. expression of Slug causes adhesion lost between cells
25
Q

What happens to the esoderm on day 16

A
  1. mesoderm migrates beyond the primitive streak
  2. mesoderm fills the gap between all the ectoderm and endoderm
  3. migration of mesoderm between ectoderm and endoderm
26
Q

What is the fate of the ectoderm?

A

skin,hair,lenses of eyes, internal and external ear,nose, sinuses,mouth,anus,tooth enamel, all pats of the nervous system,mammary glands

27
Q

What is the fate of the mesoderm?

A

Middle cell layer of the embryonic disc and precursor to the muscles, bones, lymphatic tissue, spleen, blood cells,heart and lungs, reproductive and excretory system

28
Q

What is the fate of the endoderm?

A

it forms the inner cell layer of the embryonic disc which forms the lining of the lungs, the tongue,tonsils, urethra and associated glan, bladder and digestive system

29
Q

What are the 3 mesodermal regions?

A

1.paraxial
2. intermediate
3.lateral
planes

30
Q

What does the lateral plane of the mesoderm form

A

somatopleure (dorsal)

splanchnopleure (ventral)

31
Q

When does the mesoderm start to differentiate

A

as the neural late buckles inwards

32
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm differentiate into

A

Somites

33
Q

What are somites

A

Somites are brick like blocks that form the neural tube

34
Q

What is neurulation

A

formation of the nervous system

35
Q

What is induction

A

process whereby one cell or group of cells influences the developmental fate of another

36
Q

What induces the formation of the nervous system

A

specialized mesodermal structure (notochord)

37
Q

Describe neurulation

A
  • formation of the neural tube
    1. neural plate (specialized epidermal tissue) buckles inward ,forming the neural tube
    2. neural groove forms and the neural folds fuse dorsally and seal off the neural tube
    3. neural tissue is initially ectodermal- gows cranially from the primitive node
    4. primtive node does not really move backwards , the embryo grows forward
38
Q

Describe somitogenesis

A
  1. growth anterior of the primitive nodes
  2. neural tubes and somites form in area aterior of primitive node
  3. neural tube will form the spinal cord
39
Q

What do somites form

A

muscles, limbs,vertebrae

40
Q

What does the neural tube form

A

Forms the spinal cord

41
Q

Describe the process of patterning in the neural tube?

A
  1. Bone morphogenic proteins that are prominent at the dorsal end of the neural tube form a downward gradien
  2. sonic hedgehog proteins at the notochord are produced ventrally and form an upward gradient ( towards the forsal end)
  3. the relative amount of BMP and Shh in neural tube determines which transcription factor gets expressed in that cell.
  4. grid of different expressed transcription factors in the neural tube
  5. each transcription factor domain has progenitor cells that will eventually become neurons

CAPS 390 (35 decks)

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