L2 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
The kidneys are more towards your [front or back], making them retroperitoneal
A
The kidneys are more towards your back, making them retroperitoneal
2
Q
The concave part of the kidney is called the […] and it where the ureters emerge from
A
The concave part of the kidney is called the hilum and it where the ureters emerge from
3
Q
The [kidney component] drain the formed urine from the kidneys and empty into the bladder
A
The ureters drain the formed urine from the kidneys and empty into the bladder
4
Q
The [kidney component] stores urine, and recives innervation from the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system(s)
A
The bladder stores urine, and recives innervation from the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system(s)
5
Q
The [kidney component] empties urine out of the body through the urethra
A
The bladder empties urine out of the body through the urethra
6
Q
[descriptive term] is the process of releasing the urine outside the body (urination)
A
Micturition is the process of releasing the urine outside the body (urination)
7
Q
The [inner or outer] section of the kidney is called the cortex
A
The outer section of the kidney is called the cortex
8
Q
The [inner or outer] section of the kidney is called the medulla
A
The inner section of the kidney is called the medulla
9
Q
The functional unit of the kidney is called the [kidney component]. It is where urine is made
A
The functional unit of the kidney is called the nephron. It is where urine is made
10
Q
There are [how many] nephrons in a kidney
A
There are 1 million nephrons in a kidney
11
Q
Components of a nephron are found in the [medulla or cortex or both]
A
Components of a nephron are found in the medulla and cortex
12
Q
Components of a nephron
- […] which is a bulb like structure
- […] which is a long tube
A
Components of a nephron
- Renal corpuscle which is a bulb like structure
- Renal tubule which is a long tube
13
Q
Urine starts forming in the nephrons which fuse together to form [nephron component], which then empty their contents into the renal pelvis, then to the [kidney component], then into the bladder
A
Urine starts forming in the nephrons which fuse together to form collecting ducts, which then empty their contents into the renal pelvis, then to the ureter, then into the bladder
14
Q
The [renal tubule or renal corpuscle] is composed of:
Capillary tuft (glomerulus) that sits within a cup (Bowmans capsule)
A
The renal corpuscle is composed of:
Capillary tuft (glomerulus) that sits within a cup (Bowmans capsule)
15
Q
The [renal tubule or renal corpuscle] is composed of:
- proximal convoluted tububle
- descending loop of Henle
- ascending loop of Henle
- distal convoluted tubule
- collecting duct
A
The renal tubule is composed of:
- proximal convoluted tububle
- descending loop of Henle
- ascending loop of Henle
- distal convoluted tubule
- collecting duct
16
Q
Each [kidney component] has a renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
Several [kidney component] drain into one [nephron component], then into the [kidney component]
A
Each nephron has a renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
Several nephrons drain into one collecting duct(s), then into the renal pelvis
17
Q
Blood enters the renal [tubule or corpuscle] through afferent arterioles. It is filtered through the capillaries of the [Bowmans capsule or glomerulus], then exits through efferent arterioles.
A
Blood enters the renal corpuscle through afferent arterioles. It is filtered through the capillaries of the glomerulus, then exits through efferent arterioles.
18
Q
The outer wall of [glomerulus or bowmans capsule] is made of flat, epithelial cells.
These cells [do or do not] continue to form the tubules, and the shape [does or does not] change
A
The outer wall of Bowmans capsule is made of flat, epithelial cells.
These cells do continue to form the tubules, and the shape does change
19
Q
The epithelial cells that make up the outer wall of Bowmans capsule are [the same or different] shape as the ones that make up the tubules
A
The epithelial cells that make up the outer wall of Bowmans capsule are different shape as the ones that make up the tubules
20
Q
Development of the renal corpuscle:
Stage 1:
[how many] layer(s) of [cell type] cells
Stage 2:
[…] penetrate the layer(s), causing invagination and formation of the outer layer ([visceral or parietal]) and the inner layer ([visceral or parietal]).
Stage 3:
The outer ([visceral or parietal]) layer becomes the [wall of Bowmans capsule or podocytes]
The inner ([visceral or parietal]) layer becomes the [wall of Bowmans capsule or podocytes]
A
Development of the renal corpuscle:
Stage 1:
One layer(s) of epithelial cells
Stage 2:
Capillaries penetrate the layer(s), causing invagination and formation of the outer layer (parietal) and the inner layer (visceral).
Stage 3:
The outer (parietal) layer becomes the wall of Bowmans capsule
The inner (visceral) layer becomes the podocytes
21
Q
The capillaries in the renal corpuscle are [capillary spacing]
A
The capillaries in the renal corpuscle are fenestrated
22
Q
The [cell type] that make up the visceral layer of the renal corpuscle are interlocked with […] to allow filtrate to enter Bowmans space
A
The podocytes that make up the visceral layer of the renal corpuscle are interlocked with filtration slits to allow filtrate to enter Bowmans space
23
Q
There are 3 layers to a glomerular capillary:
- [layer] of the capillaires which is fenestrated
- […] composed of collagen and glycoprotein
- […] containing foot processess to increase surface area and filtration slits for filtrate to pass throu
A
There are 3 layers to a glomerular capillary:
- Endothelial layer of the capillaires which is fenestrated
- Basement membrane composed of collagen and glycoprotein
- Podocytes containing foot processess to increase surface area and filtration slits for filtrate to pass through
24
Q
Foot processess of [cell type] are cytoplasmic projections that are interlocked, increasing surface area for filtration
A
Foot processess of podocytes are cytoplasmic projections that are interlocked, increasing surface area for filtration
25
All renal corpuscles are found in the renal [medulla or cortex]
All renal corpuscles are found in the renal cortex
26
There are 2 types of nephrons:
1. [juxtamedullary or cortical] which are farther to/from the medulla
2. [juxtamedullary or cortical] which are closer to/from the medulla
There are 2 types of nephrons:
1. Cortical which are farther to/from the medulla
2. Juxtamedullary which are closer to/from the medulla
27
There are 2 types of nephrons:
1. [juxtamedullary or cortical] make up 85% of nephrons
2. [juxtamedullary or cortical] make up 15% of nephrons
There are 2 types of nephrons:
1. Cortical make up 85% of nephrons
2. Juxtamedullary make up 15% of nephrons
28
The [kidney component] drain the formed urine from the kidneys and empty into the bladder
The ureters drain the formed urine from the kidneys and empty into the bladder
29
The kidneys are more towards your [front or back], making them retroperitoneal
The kidneys are more towards your back, making them retroperitoneal
30
The concave part of the kidney is called the [...] and it where the ureters emerge from
The concave part of the kidney is called the hilum and it where the ureters emerge from
31
The [juxtamedullary or cortical] nephron components are all found in the cortex except maybe part of the loop of Henle
The cortical nephron components are all found in the cortex except maybe part of the loop of Henle
32
The cortical nephron components are all found in the cortex except maybe part of the loop of Henle
The juxtamedullary nephron components are mostly found in the cortex except for the entire loop of Henle is always found in the medulla
33
Both types of nephrons conduct the basic renal functions:
1. [...]
2. [...]
3. [...]
The Juxtamedullary nephrons also regulate [function]
Both types of nephrons conduct the basic renal functions:
1. Filtration
2. Absorption
3. Secretion
The Juxtamedullary nephrons also regulate concentration of urine
34
The [cortical or juxtamedullary] nephrons regulate the concentration of urine by creating [diffusion or osmostic] gradients [outside or inside] the loop of Henle, in the [...] of the medulla
The juxtamedullary nephrons regulate the concentration of urine by creating osmotic gradients outside the loop of Henle, in the interstitial space of the medulla
35
Blood arrives at the [kidney component] via the renal artery, where it then enters nephrons via [afferent or efferent] arterioles.
The kidney recieves 20% of the total cardiac output
Blood arrives at the hilum via the renal artery, where it then enters nephrons via afferent arterioles.
The kidney recieves 20% of the total cardiac output
36
After arriving at the hilum, blood in the kidney is divided into [one or many] type(s) of arteries and arterioles
After arriving at the hilum, blood in the kidney is divided into many type(s) of arteries and arterioles
37
There are 3 types of capillaries in the nephron:
1.
2.
3.
There are 3 types of capillaries in the nephron:
1. Glomerular
2. Peritubular
3. Vasa recta
38
[nephron capillary type] capillaries travel through Bowmans capsule
Glomerular capillaries travel through Bowmans capsule
39
[nephron capillary type] capillaries exit the efferent arterioles and surround the proximal convoluted tubule, fusing together to form the [vein]
Peritubular capillaries exit the efferent arterioles and surround the proximal convoluted tubule, fusing together to form the renal vein
40
[nephron capillary type] capillaries are found mostly associated with juxtamedullary nephrons in the medulla. They surround the loop of Henle and are important in forming [diffusion or osmotic] gradients
Vasa recta capillaries are found mostly associated with juxtamedullary nephrons in the medulla. They surround the loop of Henle and are important in forming osmotic gradients
41
Flow of blood through the nephron:
[artery] → [efferent or afferent] arterioles → [nephron capillary type] capillaries → [efferent or afferent] arterioles → [nephron capillary type] capillaries → [nephron capillary type] capillaries → [vein]
Flow of blood through the nephron:
Renal artery → afferent arterioles → glomerular capillaries → efferent arterioles → peritubular capillaries → vasa recta capillaries → renal vein
42
3 basic renal processess:
1. [3 basic process] occurs at the glomerulus
2. [3 basic process] occurs at the tubules
3. [3 basic process] occurs at the tubules
3 basic renal processess:
1. Filtration occurs at the glomerulus
2. Reabsoprtion occurs at the tubules
3. Secretion occurs at the tubules
43
3 basic renal processess:
Tubular reabsorption is the movement of substances from inside the [blood or tubule] into the [blood or tubule]
Glucose is always reabsorbed
3 basic renal processess:
Tubular reabsorption is the movement of substances from inside the tubule into the blood
Glucose is always reabsorbed
44
3 basic renal processess:
Tubular secretion is the movement of substances from inside the [blood or tubule] into the [blood or tubule]
Waste products that were not filtered at the [renal corpuscle component] are removed by tubular secretion
3 basic renal processess:
Tubular secretion is the movement of substances from inside the blood into the tubule
Waste products that were not filtered at the glomerulus are removed by tubular secretion
45
3 basic renal processess:
Glomerular filtration is the filtering of blood accross the capillaries of the glomerulus into [renal corpuscle component]
3 basic renal processess:
Glomerular filtration is the filtering of blood accross the capillaries of the glomerulus into Bowmans space
46
Products that are excreted as urine come from the [blood or tubules] after glomerular filtration, tubular reabsoprtion, and tubular secretion
Products that are excreted as urine come from the tubules after glomerular filtration, tubular reabsoprtion, and tubular secretion
47
[size and molecule] and [cell type] cannot be filtrated at the glomerulus because:
1. Fenestrated glomerular capillary pores are too small
2. Fenestrated glomerular capillaries and the basement membrane are [positively or negitavely] charged, repelling proteins
3. Podocytes are composed of [proteins] and [proteins] creating a semiporous membrane
Large proteins and blood cells cannot be filtrated at the glomerulus because:
1. Fenestrated glomerular capillary pores are too small
2. Fenestrated glomerular capillaries and the basement membrane are negitavely charged, repelling proteins
3. Podocytes are composed of nephrins and podocins creating a semiporous membrane
48
Glomerulus filtered substances:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Glomerulus filtered substances:
1. Water
2. Electrolytes
3. Glucose
4. Waste products
49
Glomerulus non-filtered substances:
1. [...] such as albumin or plasma proteins
2. [...]
3. [...]
4. [...] such as Ca++
Glomerulus non-filtered substances:
1. Large proteins such as albumin or plasma proteins
2. Blood cells
3. Large anions
4. Minerals bound to proteins such as Ca++
50
The [inner or outer] section of the kidney is called the cortex
The outer section of the kidney is called the cortex
51
The [...] is the plasma filtrated substances in Bowmans space, containing the same concentrations of the plasma substances except for the presence of large proteins and blood cells
The [...] is cell-free
The ultrafiltrate is the plasma filtrated substances in Bowmans space, containing the same concentrations of the plasma substances except for the presence of large proteins and blood cells
The ultrafiltrate is cell-free
52
[disease] is a condition when some proteins end up in the (ultra)filtrate and therefore the urine.
Can be caused by:
1. [...]
2. Mutations to the [cell type] proteins: nephrin and podocin, allowing some proteins to pass through the filtration membrane
Proteinuria is a condition when some proteins end up in the (ultra)filtrate and therefore the urine.
Can be caused by:
1. Inflammation
2. Mutations to the podocyte proteins: nephrin and podocin, allowing some proteins to pass through the filtration membrane
53
The kidneys are more towards your back, making them [descriptive term]
The kidneys are more towards your back, making them retroperitoneal
54
Components of a nephron are found in the [medulla or cortex or both]
Components of a nephron are found in the medulla and cortex
55
The [concave or convex] part of the kidney is called the hilum and it where the [ureters or urethras] emerge from
The concave part of the kidney is called the hilum and it where the ureters emerge from
56
The ureters drain the formed urine from the kidneys and empty into the [kidney component]
The ureters drain the formed urine from the kidneys and empty into the bladder
57
The bladder stores urine, and recives innervation from the [parasympathetic, sympathetic, or both] nervous system(s)
The bladder stores urine, and recives innervation from the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system(s)
58
The bladder empties urine out of the body through the [kidney component]
The bladder empties urine out of the body through the urethra
59
The outer section of the kidney is called the [medulla or cortex]
The outer section of the kidney is called the cortex
60
The inner section of the kidney is called the [medulla or cortex]
The inner section of the kidney is called the medulla
61
The functional unit of the kidney is called the nephron. It is where [...] is made
The functional unit of the kidney is called the nephron. It is where urine is made
62
Components of a [kidney component]
1. Renal corpuscle which is a [long tube or bulb like structure]
2. Renal tubule which is a [long tube or bulb like structure]
Components of a nephron
1. Renal corpuscle which is a bulb like structure
2. Renal tubule which is a long tube
63
Urine starts forming in the [kidney component] which fuse together to form collecting ducts, which then empty their contents into the [kidney component], then to the ureter, then into the [kidney component]
Urine starts forming in the nephrons which fuse together to form collecting ducts, which then empty their contents into the renal pelvis, then to the ureter, then into the bladder
64
The renal corpuscle is composed of:
Capillary tuft ([glomerulus or Bowmans capsule]) that sits within a cup ([glomerulus or Bowmans capsule])
The renal corpuscle is composed of:
Capillary tuft (glomerulus) that sits within a cup (Bowmans capsule)
65
The renal tubule is composed of:
1. [...]
2. [...]
3. [...]
4. [...]
5. [...]
The renal tubule is composed of:
1. proximal convoluted tububle
2. descending loop of Henle
3. ascending loop of Henle
4. distal convoluted tubule
5. collecting duct
66
The [descending or ascending] loop of Henle has a thick and thin segment
The ascending loop of Henle has a thick and thin segment
67
Each nephron has a [nephron component] and [nephron component].
[one or several] nephrons drain into [one or several] collecting duct(s), then into the renal pelvis
Each nephron has a renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
Several nephrons drain into one collecting duct(s), then into the renal pelvi
68
Blood enters the renal corpuscle through [efferent or afferent] arterioles. It is filtered through the capillaries of the glomerulus, then exits through [efferent or afferent] arterioles.
Blood enters the renal corpuscle through afferent arterioles. It is filtered through the capillaries of the glomerulus, then exits through efferent arterioles.
69
The outer wall of Bowmans capsule is made of [curved or flat], [cell type].
These cells do continue to form the tubules, and the shape does change
The outer wall of Bowmans capsule is made of flat, epithelial cells.
These cells do continue to form the tubules, and the shape does change
70
Development of the renal corpuscle:
Stage 1:
One layer(s) of epithelial cells
Stage 2:
Capillaries penetrate the layer(s), causing invagination and formation of the [outer or inner] layer (parietal) and the [outer or inner] layer (visceral).
Stage 3:
The [outer or inner] (parietal) layer becomes the wall of Bowmans capsule
The [outer or inner] (visceral) layer becomes the podocytes
Development of the renal corpuscle:
Stage 1:
One layer(s) of epithelial cells
Stage 2:
Capillaries penetrate the layer(s), causing invagination and formation of the outer layer (parietal) and the inner layer (visceral).
Stage 3:
The outer (parietal) layer becomes the wall of Bowmans capsule
The inner (visceral) layer becomes the podocytes
71
The podocytes that make up the [parietal or visceral] layer of the renal corpuscle are interlocked with filtration slits to allow filtrate to enter [renal corpuscle component]
The podocytes that make up the visceral layer of the renal corpuscle are interlocked with filtration slits to allow filtrate to enter Bowmans space
72
There are 3 layers to a glomerular capillary:
1. Endothelial layer of the capillaires which is [capillary type]
2. Basement membrane composed of [protein] and [protein]
3. Podocytes containing [...] to increase surface area and [...] for filtrate to pass through
There are 3 layers to a glomerular capillary:
1. Endothelial layer of the capillaires which is fenestrated
2. Basement membrane composed of collagen and glycoprotein
3. Podocytes containing foot processess to increase surface area and filtration slits for filtrate to pass through
73
[...] of podocytes are cytoplasmic projections that are interlocked, increasing [...] for filtration
Foot processess of podocytes are cytoplasmic projections that are interlocked, increasing surface area for filtration
74
There are 2 types of nephrons:
1. Cortical which are [closer or farther] to/from the medulla
2. Juxtamedullary which are [closer or farther] to/from the medulla
There are 2 types of nephrons:
1. Cortical which are farther to/from the medulla
2. Juxtamedullary which are closer to/from the medulla
75
There are 2 types of nephrons:
1. Cortical make up [how much]% of nephrons
2. Juxtamedullary make up [how much]% of nephrons
There are 2 types of nephrons:
1. Cortical make up 85% of nephrons
2. Juxtamedullary make up 15% of nephrons
76
The cortical nephron components are all found in the [medulla or cortex] except maybe part of the [nephron component]
The cortical nephron components are all found in the cortex except maybe part of the loop of Henle
77
The juxtamedullary nephron components are mostly found in the [medulla or cortex] except for the entire [nephron component] is always found in the [medulla or cortex]
The juxtamedullary nephron components are mostly found in the cortex except for the entire loop of Henle is always found in the medulla
78
Both types of nephrons conduct the basic renal functions:
1. Filtration
2. Absorption
3. Secretion
The [cortical or juxtamedullary] nephrons also regulate concentration of urine
Both types of nephrons conduct the basic renal functions:
1. Filtration
2. Absorption
3. Secretion
The Juxtamedullary nephrons also regulate concentration of urine
79
The juxtamedullary nephrons regulate the [function] by creating osmotic gradients outside the loop of Henle, in the interstitial space of the [cortex or medulla]
The juxtamedullary nephrons regulate the concentration of urine by creating osmotic gradients outside the loop of Henle, in the interstitial space of the medulla
80
Blood arrives at the hilum via the [artery], where it then enters nephrons via afferent arterioles.
The kidney recieves [how much]% of the total cardiac output
Blood arrives at the hilum via the renal artery, where it then enters nephrons via afferent arterioles.
The kidney recieves 20% of the total cardiac output
81
Peritubular capillaries exit the [afferent or efferent] arterioles and surround the [renal tubule component], fusing together to form the renal vein
Peritubular capillaries exit the efferent arterioles and surround the proximal convoluted tubule, fusing together to form the renal vein
82
Vasa recta capillaries are found mostly associated with [cortical or juxtamedullary] nephrons in the [cortex or medulla]. They surround the [renal tubule component] and are important in forming osmotic gradients
Vasa recta capillaries are found mostly associated with juxtamedullary nephrons in the medulla. They surround the loop of Henle and are important in forming osmotic gradients
83
3 basic renal processess:
1. Filtration occurs at the [glomerulus or tubules]
2. Reabsoprtion occurs at the [glomerulus or tubules]
3. Secretion occurs at the [glomerulus or tubules]
3 basic renal processess:
1. Filtration occurs at the glomerulus
2. Reabsoprtion occurs at the tubules
3. Secretion occurs at the tubules
84
3 basic renal processess:
Tubular [secretion or reabsorption] is the movement of substances from inside the tubule into the blood
[molecule] is always [secreted or reabsorbed]
3 basic renal processess:
Tubular reabsorption is the movement of substances from inside the tubule into the blood
Glucose is always reabsorbed
85
3 basic renal processess:
Tubular [secretion or reabsorption] is the movement of substances from inside the blood into the tubule
[...] that were not filtered at the glomerulus are removed by tubular [secretion or reabsorption]
3 basic renal processess:
Tubular secretion is the movement of substances from inside the blood into the tubule
Waste products that were not filtered at the glomerulus are removed by tubular secretion
86
Large proteins and blood cells [can or cannot] be filtrated at the glomerulus because:
1. [capillary type] glomerular capillary pores are too small
2. [capillary type] glomerular capillaries and the [basement membrane or podocytes] are negitavely charged, repelling proteins
3. [cell type] are composed of nephrins and podocins creating a semiporous membrane
Large proteins and blood cells cannot be filtrated at the glomerulus because:
1. Fenestrated glomerular capillary pores are too small
2. Fenestrated glomerular capillaries and the basement membrane are negitavely charged, repelling proteins
3. Podocytes are composed of nephrins and podocins creating a semiporous membrane
87
Glomerulus non-filtered substances:
1. Large proteins such as [...] or [...]
2. Blood cells
3. Large anions
4. Minerals bound to proteins such as [ion]
Glomerulus non-filtered substances:
1. Large proteins such as albumin or plasma proteins
2. Blood cells
3. Large anions
4. Minerals bound to proteins such as Ca++
88
The ultrafiltrate is the plasma filtrated substances in Bowmans space, containing [different or the same] concentrations of the plasma substances except for the presence of large proteins and blood cells
The ultrafiltrate [is or is not] cell-free
The ultrafiltrate is the plasma filtrated substances in Bowmans space, containing the same concentrations of the plasma substances except for the presence of large proteins and blood cells
The ultrafiltrate is cell-free
89
Proteinuria is a condition when some proteins end up in the [...] and therefore the urine.
Can be caused by:
1. Inflammation
2. Mutations to the podocyte proteins: [protein] and [protein], allowing some proteins to pass through the filtration membrane
Proteinuria is a condition when some proteins end up in the (ultra)filtrate and therefore the urine.
Can be caused by:
1. Inflammation
2. Mutations to the podocyte proteins: nephrin and podocin, allowing some proteins to pass through the filtration membrane
90
[Most or all] renal corpuscles are found in the renal cortex
All renal corpuscles are found in the renal cortex
91
