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L4 Flashcards

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1
Q

[…] are filtered and partially reabsorbed

A

Electrolytes are filtered and partially reabsorbed

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2
Q

[…] and […] are filtered and completely reabsorbed

A

Glucose and amino acids are filtered and completely reabsorbed

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3
Q

[…] are filtered and secreted

A

Organic acids (PAH) and bases are filtered and secreted

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4
Q

[…] is used clinically to measure renal plasma flow and is filtered and secreted

A

PAH (organic acid) is used clinically to measure renal plasma flow and is filtered and secreted

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5
Q

The reabsorption of […] is not physiologically regulated

A

The reabsorption of glucose is not physiologically regulated

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6
Q

The reabsoprtion of […] and [ion] is physiologically regulated

A

The reabsoprtion of water and Na+ is physiologically regulated

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7
Q

[…] transport is the use of a protein to cross a membrane

In the kidney, Na+ is a [penetrating or non penetrating] solute and it’s transport [is or is not] mediated

A

Mediated transport is the use of a protein to cross a membrane

In the kidney, Na+ is a non-penetrating solute and it’s transport is (transporters) mediated

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8
Q

Tubular epithelial cells are linked by [specialized junction type]

A

Tubular epithelial cells are linked by tight junctions

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9
Q

There are 2 pathways of reabsoprtion in the kidney:

  1. [paracellular or transcellular] (also called […]) is diffusion through a tubular epithelial cell, then into the interstitial space, then into the capillary. It is the major form of reabsorption
  2. [paracellular or transcellular] is diffusion through a [specialized junction type] and is the minor form of reabsorption
A

There are 2 pathways of reabsoprtion in the kidney:

  1. Transepithelial (also called mediated transport) is diffusion through a tubular epithelial cell, then into the interstitial space, then into the capillary. It is the major form of reabsorption
  2. Paracellular is diffusion through a tight junction and is the minor form of reabsorption
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10
Q

In renal [secretion or reabsorption] of Na+:

  1. Na+ crosses the [basolateral or apical] side of the tubular epithelial cell via passive transport using SGLT
  2. Na+ crosses the [basolateral or apical] side of the tubular epithelial cell via active transport using the Na+/K+ ATPase
  3. Na+ crosses into [nephron capillary type] from the […] via bulk flow
A

In renal reabsorption of Na+:

  1. Na+ crosses the apical side of the tubular epithelial cell via passive transport using SGLT
  2. Na+ crosses the basolateral side of the tubular epithelial cell via active transport using the Na+/K+ ATPase
  3. Na+ crosses into peritubular from the interstitial fluid via bulk flow
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11
Q

Filtrate in the lumen has a [high or low] concentration of Na+

Inside the proximal tubule cell, there is a [high or low] concentration of Na+ maintained by the Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+ moves into the […] by diffusion or bulk transport

A

Filtrate in the lumen has a high concentration of Na+

Inside the proximal tubule cell, there is a low concentration of Na+ maintained by the Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+ moves into the capillary by diffusion or bulk transport

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12
Q

At normal plasma glucose concentrations, the […] of glucose is zero. All filtered glucose is [secreted or reabsorbed]

A

At normal plasma glucose concentrations, the clearance of glucose is zero. All filtered glucose is reabsorbed

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13
Q

[condition] is when you are above renal threshold of [molecule that is typically reabsorbed] and it appears in the urine

A

Glucosuria is when you are above renal threshold of glucose and it appears in the urine

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14
Q

Glucose [secretion or reabsoprtion] [is or is not] dependent on mediated transport and Na+

A

Glucose reabsoprtion is dependent on mediated transport and Na+

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15
Q

Reabsoprtion of glucose:

  1. [transporter] works by active transport and [exports or imports] glucose and Na+ into the […] on the apical membrane

[transporter] works by active transport and [exports or imports] Na+ into the […] on the basolateral membrane to maintain a concentration gradient that the [transporter] can use to [export or import] glucose and Na+

  1. [transporter] works by carrier mediated facilitated diffusion and [exports or imports] glucose into the […] on the basolateral membrane
A

Reabsoprtion of glucose:

  1. SGLT works by active transport and imports glucose and Na+ into the tubular epithelial cell on the apical membrane

Na+/K+ ATPase works by active transport and exports Na+ into the interstitial space on the basolateral membrane to maintain a concentration gradient that the SGLT can use to import glucose and Na+

  1. GLUT works by carrier mediated facilitated diffusion and exports glucose into the interstitial space on the basolateral membrane
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16
Q

Reabsoprtion of glucose:

In the tubular lumen:
Na+ concentration is [low or high]
Glucose concentration is [high or low]

In the tubular epithelial cell:
Na+ concentration is [low or high]
Glucose concentration is [high or low]

In the interstitial space:
Na+ concentration is [low or high]
Glucose concentration is [high or low]

A

Reabsoprtion of glucose:

In the tubular lumen:
Na+ concentration is high
Glucose concentration is low

In the tubular epithelial cell:
Na+ concentration is low
Glucose concentration is high

In the interstitial space:
Na+ concentration is high
Glucose concentration is low

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17
Q

Filtration rate of glucose [is or is not] linear and proportional to your plasma glucose concentration

A

Filtration rate of glucose is linear and proportional to your plasma glucose concentration

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18
Q

The normal reabsorption rate of glucose occurs at [how much]mg/100mL of plasma

If glucose plasma concentration reaches [how much]mg/100mL of plasma, reabsorption [increases or stops].

This point is called the transport maximum (Tm). All [GLUT or SGLT] proteins are saturated and there is no more reabsorption that can occur

A

The normal reabsorption rate of glucose occurs at 100-200mg/100mL of plasma

If glucose plasma concentration reaches 300mg/100mL of plasma, reabsorption stops.

This point is called the transport maximum (Tm). All SGLT proteins are saturated and there is no more reabsorption that can occur

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19
Q

If glucose plasma concentration reaches [how much]mg/100mL of plasma, reabsorption [increases or stops] and you will experience glucosuria (in urine) because all [GLUT or SGLT] proteins are saturated and there is no more reabsorption that can occur

[…] has been reached and this also called the renal threshold

A

If glucose plasma concentration reaches 300mg/100mL of plasma, reabsorption stops and you will experience glucosuria (in urine) because all SGLT proteins are saturated and there is no more reabsorption that can occur

Transport maximum (Tm) has been reached and this also called the renal threshold

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20
Q

Glucose appears in the urine because the […] has been reached

A

Glucose appears in the urine because the transport maximum has been reached

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21
Q

Each SGLT protein can bind [how many] glucose molecule(s)

A

Each SGLT protein can bind 1 glucose molecule(s)

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22
Q

In Diabetes [mellitus or insipidus]:

Capacity to reabsorb glucose is [abnormal or normal]. [SGLT or GLUT] proteins are normal

Glucose filtered load is [decreased or increased] because insulin is not working correctly to break down glucose

A

In Diabetes mellitus:

Capacity to reabsorb glucose is normal. SGLT proteins are normal

Glucose filtered load is increased because insulin is not working correctly to break down glucose

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23
Q

In [condition] or […]:

Mutation in SGLT causes inability to reabsorb (transport) glucose from the lumen

A

In familial renal glucosuria or benign glucosuria:

Mutation in SGLT causes inability to reabsorb (transport) glucose from the lumen

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24
Q

[waste product] is freely filtered, meaning the concentration of urea in [renal corpuscle component] is the same as in the plasma

A

Urea is freely filtered, meaning the concentration of urea in Bowmans space is the same as in the plasma

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25
[waste product] reabsorption is dependent on water [secretion or reabsorption]
Urea reabsorption is dependent on water reabsorption
26
Steps of urea reabsorption: 1. [ion] is reabsorbed by active transport 2. [ion] follows [ion] due to electrochemical gradients 3. [substance] follows the ions by osmosis 4. [waste product] follows [substance] due to an increased concentration in the lumen
Steps of urea reabsorption: 1. Na+ is reabsorbed by active transport 2. Cl- (and other anions) follows Na+ due to electrochemical gradients 3. Water follows the ions by osmosis 4. Urea follows water due to an increased concentration in the lumen
27
The most common ions secreted from the [nephron capillary type] plasma to the tubular lumen are K+ and H+
The most common ions secreted from the peritubular plasma to the tubular lumen are K+ and H+
28
[inulin or creatinine] is only filtered [inulin or creatinine] is mostly filtered but still undergoes a small amount of secretion
Inulin is only filtered Creatinine is mostly filtered but still undergoes a small amount of secretion
29
Some secreted substances [do or do not] participate in active transport. They [can or cannot] be coupled to the reabsorption of [ion]
Some secreted substances do participate in active transport. They can be coupled to the reabsorption of Na+
30
[...] is a way of measuring how well the kidneys are functioning by examining excreted substances
Renal clearance is a way of measuring how well the kidneys are functioning by examining excreted substances
31
The renal clearance rate for different substances [is or is not] different
The renal clearance rate for different substances is different
32
To measure renal clearance, you need 2 samples: 1. [...] 2. [...] Renal clearance formula: S = USV / PS
To measure renal clearance, you need 2 samples: 1. Blood sample 2. Urine Renal clearance formula: S = USV / PS
33
Explain renal clearance formula: [...] = clearance of substance [...] = concentration of substance S in urine [...] = volume of urine passed [...] = concentration of substance in plasma How do obtain the [metric] of the substance? = USV
Explain renal clearance formula: S = clearance of substance US = concentration of substance S in urine V = volume of urine passed PS = concentration of substance in plasma How do obtain the mass of the substance? = USV S = USV / PS
34
The renal clearance for [substance] is normally 0
The renal clearance for glucose is normally 0
35
[creatinine or inulin] is theoretically preferred to measure renal clearance aka [...] because it is not secreted or reabsorbed
Inulin is theoretically preferred to measure renal clearance aka glomerular filtration rate because it is not secreted or reabsorbed
36
The [...] values of Inulin are: [mL/minute]mL/minute or [L/hr]L/hr or [L/day]L/day which is equal to the normal glomerular filtration rate
The renal clearance values of Inulin are: 125mL/minute or 7.5L/hr or 180L/day which is equal to the normal glomerular filtration rate
37
[creatinine or inulin] is difficult to use clinically because you can only find it in certain foods or administered via IV. Therefore, [creatinine or inulin] can be used to measure the glomerular filtration rate/kidney function, but it is a slight over estimate beacuse the concentration in the [blood or urine] will be higher due to small amounts of secretion
Inulin is difficult to use clinically because you can only find it in certain foods or administered via IV. Therefore, creatinine can be used to measure the glomerular filtration rate/kidney function, but it is a slight over estimate beacuse the concentration in the urine will be higher due to small amounts of secretion
38
For [creatinine or inulin], the glomerular filtration rate/kidney function is inversely proportional to the plasma concentration. If plasma levels of [creatinine or inulin] increase, the glomerular filtration rate/kidney function will be [increased or decreased]
For creatinine, the glomerular filtration rate/kidney function is inversely proportional to the plasma concentration. If plasma levels of creatinine increase, the glomerular filtration rate/kidney function will be decreased Filtration is not working properly S (GFR) = USV / PS
39
[creatinine or inulin] is a product of muscle metabolism (Where does it come from?)
Creatinine is a product of muscle metabolism (Where does it come from?)
40
Clearance of substance [< or >] GFR, substance must undergo secretion Clearance of substance [< or >] GFR, substance must undergo reabsorption
Clearance of substance > GFR, substance must undergo secretion Clearance of substance < GFR, substance must undergo reabsorption S (GFR) = USV / PS If it is getting cleared at high amounts, it must be getting secreted If it is getting cleared at low amounts, it must be getting reabsorbed
41
Clearance of substance [< or >] GFR, substance must undergo secretion
Clearance of substance > GFR, substance must undergo secretion S (GFR) = USV / PS If it is getting cleared at high amounts, it must be getting secreted If it is getting cleared at low amounts, it must be getting reabsorbed
42
Clearance of substance [< or >] GFR, substance must undergo reabsorption
Clearance of substance < GFR, substance must undergo reabsorption S (GFR) = USV / PS If it is getting cleared at high amounts, it must be getting secreted If it is getting cleared at low amounts, it must be getting reabsorbed
43
Ion movement in the nephron: [ion] is actively (Na+/K+ pump) reabsorbed [ion] is transported passively when [ion] is pumped out of the cell [ion] is secreted into the tubules mainly by cells of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
Ion movement in the nephron: Na+ is actively (Na+/K+ pump) reabsorbed Cl- is transported passively when Na+ is pumped out of the cell K+ is secreted into the tubules mainly by cells of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
44
Different sections of the nephron roles: [nephron component]: - 80% of reabsorptive and secretory activites - Reabsorbs majority of water and non-waste plasma solutes - Major site of secretion, except for K+
Different sections of the nephron roles: Proximal convoluted tubule: - 80% of reabsorptive and secretory activites - Reabsorbs majority of water and non-waste plasma solutes - Major site of secretion, except for K+
45
Different sections of the nephron roles: [nephron component]: - Creates osmotic gradient in the interstitial space - Low amounts of [substance] and high amounts of [substance] are reabsorbed
Different sections of the nephron roles: Loop of Henle: - Creates osmotic gradient in the interstitial space - Low amounts of water and high amounts of ions are reabsorbed
46
Different sections of the nephron roles: [nephron component]: - 15% of solute reabsorption - Homeostatic mechanisms of fine control of water and solute to produce urine
Different sections of the nephron roles: Distal convoluted tubule: - 15% of solute reabsorption - Homeostatic mechanisms of fine control of water and solute to produce urine
47
In the kidney, nutritionally valuable substances [are or are not] completely reabsorbed
In the kidney, nutritionally valuable substances are completely reabsorbed
48
The [renal threshold or transport maximum] is reached because the [renal threshold or transport maximum] gets reached
The transport maximum is reached because the renal threshold gets reached
49
[...] transport is the use of a protein to cross a membrane In the kidney, Na+ is a [penetrating or non penetrating] solute and it's transport [is or is not] mediated
Mediated transport is the use of a protein to cross a membrane In the kidney, Na+ is a non-penetrating solute and it's transport is (transporters) mediated
50
[...] are filtered and secreted
Organic acids (PAH) and bases are filtered and secreted All filtered substances are excreted, anything that is missed in filtration is secreted for excretion PAH is used clinically to measure renal plasma flow
51
Electrolytes are [renal handling of substance]
Electrolytes are filtered and partially reabsorbed Some filtered electrolytes are reabsorbed, NONE are secreted
52
Glucose and amino acids are [renal handling of substance]
Glucose and amino acids are filtered and completely reabsorbed
53
Organic acids (PAH) and bases are [renal handling of substance]
Organic acids (PAH) and bases are filtered and secreted
54
PAH (organic acid) is used clinically to measure [...] and is [renal handling of substance]
PAH (organic acid) is used clinically to measure renal plasma flow and is filtered and secreted
55
The reabsorption of glucose [is or is not] physiologically regulated
The reabsorption of glucose is not physiologically regulated
56
The reabsoprtion of water and Na+ [is or is not] physiologically regulated
The reabsoprtion of water and Na+ is physiologically regulated
57
There are 2 pathways of reabsoprtion in the kidney: 1. Transepithelial (also called mediated transport) is diffusion through a [cell type], then into the [...], then into the capillary. It is the [minor or major] form of reabsorption 2. Paracellular is diffusion through a tight junction and is the [minor or major] form of reabsorption
There are 2 pathways of reabsoprtion in the kidney: 1. Transepithelial (also called mediated transport) is diffusion through a tubular epithelial cell, then into the interstitial space, then into the capillary. It is the major form of reabsorption 2. Paracellular is diffusion through a tight junction and is the minor form of reabsorption
58
In renal reabsorption of Na+: 1. Na+ crosses the apical side of the tubular epithelial cell via [active or passive] transport using [what transporter] 1. Na+ crosses the basolateral side of the tubular epithelial cell via [active or passive] transport using the [what transporter] 3. Na+ crosses into peritubular from the interstitial fluid via [...]
In renal reabsorption of Na+: 1. Na+ crosses the apical side of the tubular epithelial cell via passive transport using SGLT 1. Na+ crosses the basolateral side of the tubular epithelial cell via active transport using the Na+/K+ ATPase 3. Na+ crosses into peritubular from the interstitial fluid via bulk flow
59
Filtrate in the [proximal tubule cell or lumen] has a high concentration of Na+ Inside the [proximal tubule cell or lumen], there is a low concentration of Na+ maintained by the [pump] Na+ moves into the capillary by [...]
Filtrate in the lumen has a high concentration of Na+ Inside the proximal tubule cell, there is a low concentration of Na+ maintained by the Na+/K+ ATPase Na+ moves into the capillary by diffusion or bulk transport
60
At normal plasma glucose concentrations, the clearance of glucose is [how much]. [most or all] filtered glucose is reabsorbed
At normal plasma glucose concentrations, the clearance of glucose is zero. All filtered glucose is reabsorbed
61
Glucosuria is when you are above renal threshold of glucose and it appears in the [...]
Glucosuria is when you are above renal threshold of glucose and it appears in the urine
62
Glucose reabsoprtion is dependent on [...] and [ion]
Glucose reabsoprtion is dependent on mediated transport and Na+
63
Reabsoprtion of glucose: 1. SGLT works by [passive transport or active transport ] and imports [...] and [ion] into the tubular epithelial cell on the [basolateral or apical] membrane Na+/K+ ATPase works by [passive transport or active transport] and exports [ion] into the interstitial space on the [basolateral or apical] membrane to maintain a concentration gradient that the SGLT can use to import [...] and [ion] 2. GLUT works by [channel or carrier] mediated [passive transport or facilitated diffusion] and exports [...] into the interstitial space on the [basolateral or apical] membrane
Reabsoprtion of glucose: 1. SGLT works by active transport and imports glucose and Na+ into the tubular epithelial cell on the apical membrane Na+/K+ ATPase works by active transport and exports Na+ into the interstitial space on the basolateral membrane to maintain a concentration gradient that the SGLT can use to import glucose and Na+ 2. GLUT works by carrier mediated facilitated diffusion and exports glucose into the interstitial space on the basolateral membrane
64
[reabsorption or filtration] rate of glucose is linear and proportional to your plasma glucose concentration
Filtration rate of glucose is linear and proportional to your plasma glucose concentration
65
The normal [reabsorption or filtration] rate of glucose occurs at 100-200mg/100mL of plasma If glucose plasma concentration reaches 300mg/100mL of plasma, [reabsorption or filtration] stops. This point is called the [...]. All SGLT proteins are saturated and there is no more [reabsorption or filtration] that can occur
The normal reabsorption rate of glucose occurs at 100-200mg/100mL of plasma If glucose plasma concentration reaches 300mg/100mL of plasma, reabsorption stops. This point is called the transport maximum (Tm). All SGLT proteins are saturated and there is no more reabsorption that can occur
66
If glucose plasma concentration reaches 300mg/100mL of plasma, [reabsorption or filtration] stops and you will experience [condition] because all SGLT proteins are saturated and there is no more [reabsorption or filtration] that can occur Transport maximum (Tm) has been reached and this also called the [...]
If glucose plasma concentration reaches 300mg/100mL of plasma, reabsorption stops and you will experience glucosuria (in urine) because all SGLT proteins are saturated and there is no more reabsorption that can occur Transport maximum (Tm) has been reached and this also called the renal threshold
67
In Diabetes mellitus: Capacity to [secrete or reabsorb] glucose is normal. SGLT proteins are [abnormal or normal] Glucose filtered load is increased because [hormone] is not working correctly to break down glucose
In Diabetes mellitus: Capacity to reabsorb glucose is normal. SGLT proteins are normal Glucose filtered load is increased because insulin is not working correctly to break down glucose
68
In familial renal glucosuria or benign glucosuria: Mutation in [GLUT or SGLT] causes inability to [secrete or reabsorb] glucose from the lumen
In familial renal glucosuria or benign glucosuria: Mutation in SGLT causes inability to reabsorb (transport) glucose from the lumen
69
Urea is [...], meaning the concentration of urea in Bowmans space is the same as in the plasma
Urea is freely filtered, meaning the concentration of urea in Bowmans space is the same as in the plasma
70
Urea [secretion or reabsorption] is dependent on [substance] reabsorption
Urea reabsorption is dependent on water reabsorption
71
Steps of [...] reabsorption: 1. Na+ is reabsorbed by [passive or active] transport 2. Cl- (and other anions) follows Na+ due to [...] 3. Water follows the ions by [diffusion or osmosis] 4. Urea follows water due to an [decreased or increased] concentration in the lumen
Steps of urea reabsorption: 1. Na+ is reabsorbed by active transport 2. Cl- (and other anions) follows Na+ due to electrochemical gradients 3. Water follows the ions by osmosis 4. Urea follows water due to an increased concentration in the lumen
72
The most common ions secreted from the peritubular plasma to the tubular lumen are [ion] and [ion]
The most common ions secreted from the peritubular plasma to the tubular lumen are K+ and H+
73
Renal clearance is a way of measuring how well the kidneys are functioning by examining [secreted, excreted, or filtered] substances
Renal clearance is a way of measuring how well the kidneys are functioning by examining excreted substances
74
To measure renal clearance, you need 2 samples: 1. Blood sample 2. Urine Renal clearance formula: [formula]
To measure renal clearance, you need 2 samples: 1. Blood sample 2. Urine Renal clearance formula: S = USV / PS
75
Explain renal clearance formula: S = [...] US = [...] V = [...] PS = [...] How do obtain the mass of the substance? = [...]
Explain renal clearance formula: S = clearance of substance US = concentration of substance S in urine V = volume of urine passed PS = concentration of substance in plasma How do obtain the mass of the substance? = USV S = USV / PS
76
The renal clearance for glucose is normally [how much]
The renal clearance for glucose is normally 0
77
Inulin is theoretically preferred to measure [...] aka glomerular filtration rate because it [is or is not] secreted or reabsorbed
Inulin is theoretically preferred to measure renal clearance aka glomerular filtration rate because it is not secreted or reabsorbed
78
The renal clearance values of [creatinine or inulin] are: 125mL/minute or 7.5L/hr or 180L/day which is equal to the normal [...]
The renal clearance values of Inulin are: 125mL/minute or 7.5L/hr or 180L/day which is equal to the normal glomerular filtration rate
79
Inulin is difficult to use clinically because you can only find it in certain foods or administered via IV. Therefore, creatinine can be used to measure the [...], but it is a slight [under or over] estimate beacuse the concentration in the urine will be higher due to small amounts of [reabsoprtion or secretion]
Inulin is difficult to use clinically because you can only find it in certain foods or administered via IV. Therefore, creatinine can be used to measure the glomerular filtration rate/kidney function, but it is a slight over estimate beacuse the concentration in the urine will be higher due to small amounts of secretion
80
For creatinine, the [...] is inversely proportional to the [urine or plasma] concentration. If [urine or plasma] levels of creatinine increase, the [...] will be decreased
For creatinine, the glomerular filtration rate/kidney function is inversely proportional to the plasma concentration. If plasma levels of creatinine increase, the glomerular filtration rate/kidney function will be decreased
81
Creatinine is a product of [...] (Where does it come from?)
Creatinine is a product of muscle metabolism (Where does it come from?)
82
Clearance of substance > GFR, substance must undergo [reabsorption or secretion] Clearance of substance < GFR, substance must undergo [reabsoprtion or secretion]
Clearance of substance > GFR, substance must undergo secretion Clearance of substance < GFR, substance must undergo reabsorption
83
Clearance of substance > GFR, substance must undergo [reabsorption or secretion]
Clearance of substance > GFR, substance must undergo secretion
84
Clearance of substance < GFR, substance must undergo [reabsoprtion or secretion]
Clearance of substance < GFR, substance must undergo reabsorption
85
Ion movement in the nephron: Na+ is [passively or actively] reabsorbed Cl- is transported [passively or actively] when Na+ is pumped out of the cell K+ is [reabsorbed or secreted] into the tubules mainly by cells of the [nephron component] and [nephron component]
Ion movement in the nephron: Na+ is actively (Na+/K+ pump) reabsorbed Cl- is transported passively when Na+ is pumped out of the cell K+ is secreted into the tubules mainly by cells of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
86
Different sections of the nephron roles: Proximal convoluted tubule: - [how much]% of reabsorptive and secretory activites - Reabsorbs majority of [substance] and [waste or non-waste] plasma solutes - Major site of secretion, except for [ion]
Different sections of the nephron roles: Proximal convoluted tubule: - 80% of reabsorptive and secretory activites - Reabsorbs majority of water and non-waste plasma solutes - Major site of secretion, except for K+
87
Different sections of the nephron roles: Loop of Henle: - Creates [...] gradient in the interstitial space - [high or low] amounts of water and [high or low] amounts of ions are [secreted or reabsorbed]
Different sections of the nephron roles: Loop of Henle: - Creates osmotic gradient in the interstitial space - Low amounts of water and high amounts of ions are reabsorbed
88
Different sections of the nephron roles: Distal convoluted tubule: - [how much]% of solute reabsorption - Homeostatic mechanisms of fine control of [substance] and solute to produce urine
Different sections of the nephron roles: Distal convoluted tubule: - 15% of solute reabsorption - Homeostatic mechanisms of fine control of water and solute to produce urine
89

Renal (7 decks)

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