L7

Question 1

Changes in pH (H+) concentration can modify the activity of many [molecules] by altering their structure causing:

1. Changes in protein activity
2. Changes in neuronal activity
3. K+ imbalances
4. Irregular heart beat

Answer 1

Changes in pH (H+) concentration can modify the activity of many proteins by altering their structure causing:

1. Changes in protein activity
2. Changes in neuronal activity
3. K+ imbalances
4. Irregular heart beat

Question 2

Changes in pH (H+) concentration can modify the activity of many proteins by altering their structure causing:

1. […]
2. […]
3. […]
4. […]

Answer 2

Changes in pH (H+) concentration can modify the activity of many proteins by altering their structure causing:

1. Changes in protein activity
2. Changes in neuronal activity
3. K+ imbalances
4. Irregular heart beat

Question 3

[acids or bases] release H+ in solution

Answer 3

Acids release H+ in solution

Question 4

Acids [accept or release] H+ in solution

Answer 4

Acids release H+ in solution

Question 5

[acids or bases] accept H+ in solution

Answer 5

Bases accept H+ in solution

Question 6

Bases [accept or release] H+ in solution

Answer 6

Bases accept H+ in solution

Question 7

Fatal ranges of pH are below […] and above […]

Answer 7

Fatal ranges of pH are below 6.8 and above 7.8

Question 8

[…] means gaseous

Answer 8

Volatile means gaseous

Question 9

Volatile means […]

Example: […]

Answer 9

Volatile means gaseous

Example: CO2

Question 10

[…] + […] = H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Answer 10

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Question 11

CO2 + H2O = […]

Answer 11

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 (carbonic acid

Question 12

Metabolism of [chemical] containing amino acids such as cysteine and methionine generates [compond] that do contribute to the generation of H+ ions, [increasing or decreasing] pH

Answer 12

Metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids such as cysteine and methionine generates sulfuric acid that do contribute to the generation of H+ ions, decreasing pH

Question 13

Metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids such as [amino acid] and [amino acid] generates sulfuric acid that [do or do not] contribute to the generation of H+ ions, decreasing pH

Answer 13

Metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids such as cysteine and methionine generates sulfuric acid that do contribute to the generation of H+ ions, decreasing pH

Question 14

Metabolism of lysine, arginine and histidine generates [compond] that does contribute to the generation of H+ ions, [increasing or decreasing] pH

Answer 14

Metabolism of lysine, arginine and histidine generates hydrochloric acid that does contribute to the generation of H+ ions, decreasing pH

Question 15

Metabolism of [amino acid], [amino acid] and [amino acid] generates hydrochloric acid that [do or do not] contribute to the generation of H+ ions, decreasing pH

Answer 15

Metabolism of lysine, arginine and histidine generates hydrochloric acid that does contribute to the generation of H+ ions, decreasing pH

Question 16

Sources of H+ gain or decrease of pH:

1. […]
2. […]
3. […]
4. […]

Answer 16

Sources of H+ gain or decrease of pH:

1. Dissociation from H2CO3 via CO2
2. Dissociation of sulfuric and phosphoric acid from amino acids
3. Due to loss of HCO3- from diarrhea
4. Due to loss of HCO3- from urine

Question 17

Sources of H+ gain or [increase or decrease] of pH:

1. Dissociation from H2CO3 via CO2
2. Dissociation of sulfuric and phosphoric acid from amino acids
3. Due to loss of HCO3- from diarrhea
4. Due to loss of HCO3- from urine

Answer 17

Sources of H+ gain or decrease of pH:

1. Dissociation from H2CO3 via CO2
2. Dissociation of sulfuric and phosphoric acid from amino acids
3. Due to loss of HCO3- from diarrhea
4. Due to loss of HCO3- from urine

Question 18

Sources of H+ loss or increase of pH:

1. […]
2. […]
3. [hypo or hyper]ventilation

Answer 18

Sources of H+ loss or increase of pH:

1. Vomiting
2. Urine
3. Hyperventilation

Question 19

Sources of H+ loss or [increase or decrease] of pH:

1. Vomiting
2. Urine
3. Hyperventilation

Answer 19

Sources of H+ loss or increase of pH:

1. Vomiting
2. Urine
3. Hyperventilation

Question 20

A buffer is composed of a […] and its […]

Answer 20

A buffer is composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base

Question 21

A […] is composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base

Answer 21

A buffer is composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base

Question 22

H+ ions are buffered by the [intra or extra or both]cellular fluid

Answer 22

H+ ions are buffered by the bothcellular fluid

Question 23

[intra or extra]cellular buffer system is bicarbonate (CO2/HCO3-)

Answer 23

Extracellular buffer system is bicarbonate (CO2/HCO3-)

Question 24

Extracellular buffer system is […]

Answer 24

Extracellular buffer system is bicarbonate (CO2/HCO3-)

Question 25

[intra or extra]cellular buffers include phosphate ions and associated proteins And example is: hemoglobin

Answer 25

Intracellular buffers include phosphate ions and associated proteins And example is: hemoglobin

Question 26

Intracellular buffers include [...] and [...] And example is: [protein]

Answer 26

Intracellular buffers include phosphate ions and associated proteins And example is: hemoglobin

Question 27

When the respiration rate is [too high or not high enough], the passage of blood through the peripheral tissues causes an increase of H+ ions

Answer 27

When the respiration rate is not high enough, the passage of blood through the peripheral tissues causes an increase of H+ ions

Question 28

When the respiration rate is not high enough, the passage of blood through the peripheral tissues causes an [decrease or increase] of H+ ions

Answer 28

When the respiration rate is not high enough, the passage of blood through the peripheral tissues causes an increase of H+ ions

Question 29

[organ] and [organ] are both responsible for balancing H+ ion concentration within a narrow range

Answer 29

Kidneys and lungs are both responsible for balancing H+ ion concentration within a narrow range

Question 30

In balancing pH: [organ] play a short-term homeostatic role [organ] are the long-term balancers

Answer 30

In balancing pH: Lungs play a short-term homeostatic role Kidneys are the long-term balancers

Question 31

In balancing pH: Lungs play a [long or short]-term homeostatic role Kidneys are the [long or short]-term balancers

Answer 31

In balancing pH: Lungs play a short-term homeostatic role Kidneys are the long-term balancers

Question 32

Causes of respiratory imbalances: 1. [...] causes an increased [H+or pH] called alkalosis 2. [...] causes an decreased [H+or pH]called acidosis 3. [...] can cause either The lungs are able to restore these imbalances short-term via relfexive responses to ventilation

Answer 32

Causes of respiratory imbalances: 1. Hyperventilation causes an increased pH called alkalosis 2. Hypoventilation causes an decreased pHcalled acidosis 3. Respiratory malfunction can cause either The lungs are able to restore these imbalances short-term via relfexive responses to ventilation

Question 33

Causes of respiratory imbalances: 1. Hyperventilation causes an [decreased or increased] pH called [acid or alkal]osis 2. Hypoventilation causes an [decreased or increased] pHcalled [acid or alkal]osis 3. Respiratory malfunction can cause either The [organ] are able to restore these imbalances [long or short]-term via relfexive responses to ventilation

Answer 33

Causes of respiratory imbalances: 1. Hyperventilation causes an increased pH called alkalosis 2. Hypoventilation causes an decreased pHcalled acidosis 3. Respiratory malfunction can cause either The lungs are able to restore these imbalances short-term via relfexive responses to ventilation

Question 34

When 1 H+ ion is lost from the body, [how many] HCO3- is gained by the body

Answer 34

When 1 H+ ion is lost from the body, 1 HCO3- is gained by the body

Question 35

When [how many] H+ ion is lost from the body, 1 HCO3- is gained by the body

Answer 35

When 1 H+ ion is lost from the body, 1 HCO3- is gained by the body

Question 36

Regulation of of H+ in the kidney during [acid or alkal]osis: The kidneys will excrete bicarbonate because the blood pH is too high and there [is or is not] enough H+ ions

Answer 36

Regulation of of H+ in the kidney during alkalosis: The kidneys will excrete bicarbonate because the blood pH is too high and there is not enough H+ ions

Question 37

Regulation of of H+ in the kidney during alkalosis: The kidneys will [synthesize or excrete] bicarbonate because the blood pH is too [low or high] and there is not enough H+ ions

Answer 37

Regulation of of H+ in the kidney during alkalosis: The kidneys will excrete bicarbonate because the blood pH is too high and there is not enough H+ ions

Question 38

Reglation of of H+ in the kidney during [acid or alkal]osis: The kidneys will sythesize bicarbonate because the blood pH is too low and there [is or is not] enough H+ ions

Answer 38

Reglation of of H+ in the kidney during acidosis: The kidneys will sythesize bicarbonate because the blood pH is too low and there is (too many) enough H+ ions

Question 39

Reglation of of H+ in the kidney during acidosis: The kidneys will [synthesize or excrete] bicarbonate because the blood pH is too [low or high] and there is (too many) enough H+ ions

Answer 39

Reglation of of H+ in the kidney during acidosis: The kidneys will sythesize bicarbonate because the blood pH is too low and there is (too many) enough H+ ions

Question 40

Reabsoprtion of HCO3- in the kidney occuring during [alkal or acid]osis: Mechanism: [H+ or bicarbonate] is added to the blood [passive or active] process that is dependent on [H+ or bicarbonate] secretion Occurs in the: [nephron component], [descending or ascedning] loop of Henle, [medullary or cortical] collecting duct The transport mechanism of [H+ or bicarbonate] is [the same or different] in different parts of the nephron

Answer 40

Reabsoprtion of HCO3- in the kidney occuring during acidosis: Mechanism: Bicarbonate is added to the blood Active process that is dependent on H+ secretion Occurs in the: proximal tubule, ascending loop of Henle, cortical collecting duct The transport mechanism of H+ is different in different parts of the nephron

Question 41

Mechanism 1 in response to [alkalosis or acidosis]: We are trying to get HCO3- into the blood. When there is too much [HCO3-:: or H+] being secreted into the tubular lumen, the extra [HCO3-:: or H+] binds HPO4-2 in the tubular lumen so that HCO3- can continue to be reabsorbed into the blood

Answer 41

Mechanism 1 in response to acidosis: We are trying to get HCO3- into the blood. When there is too much H+ being secreted into the tubular lumen, the extra H+ binds HPO4-2 in the tubular lumen so that HCO3- can continue to be reabsorbed into the blood

Question 42

Mechanism 1 in response to acidosis: We are trying to get [HCO3-:: or H+] into the [tubular lumen or blood]. When there is too much H+ being secreted into the [tubular lumen or blood], the extra H+ binds [ion] in the [tubular lumen or blood] so that [HCO3-:: or H+] can continue to be reabsorbed into the [tubular lumen or blood]

Answer 42

Mechanism 1 in response to acidosis: We are trying to get HCO3- into the blood. When there is too much H+ being secreted into the tubular lumen, the extra H+ binds HPO4-2 in the tubular lumen so that HCO3- can continue to be reabsorbed into the blood

Question 43

Mechanism 2 in response to depletion of [buffer] and [buffer] buffers We are trying to get HCO3- into the blood. Uptake of [amino acid] from the peritubular capillaries or glomerular filtrate. [amino acid] dissociates into NH4+ and HCO3-. NH4+ is secreted [passively or actively] into the [tubular lumen or blood] HCO3- is reabsorbed [passively or actively] into the [tubular lumen or blood]

Answer 43

Mechanism 2 in response to depletion of bicarbonate and phosphate buffers We are trying to get HCO3- into the blood. Uptake of glutamine from the peritubular capillaries or glomerular filtrate. Glutamine dissociates into NH4+ and HCO3-. NH4+ is secreted actively into the tubular lumen HCO3- is reabsorbed passively into the blood

Question 44

Mechanism 2 in response to depletion of bicarbonate and phosphate buffers We are trying to get [HCO3-:: or H+] into the [tubular lumen or blood]. Uptake of glutamine from the [nephron capillary] capillaries or [...]. Glutamine dissociates into [compound] and [HCO3-:: or H+]. [compound] is secreted actively into the tubular lumen [HCO3-:: or H+] is reabsorbed passively into the blood

Answer 44

Mechanism 2 in response to depletion of bicarbonate and phosphate buffers We are trying to get HCO3- into the blood. Uptake of glutamine from the peritubular capillaries or glomerular filtrate. Glutamine dissociates into NH4+ and HCO3-. NH4+ is secreted actively into the tubular lumen HCO3- is reabsorbed passively into the blood

Question 45

The order of preferred buffers in [alkalosis or acidosis]: 1. Bicarbonate 2. Phosphate 3. Glutamine

Answer 45

The order of preferred buffers in acidosis: 1. Bicarbonate 2. Phosphate 3. Glutamine

Question 46

The order of preferred buffers in acidosis: 1. [...] 2. [...] 3. [...]

Answer 46

The order of preferred buffers in acidosis: 1. Bicarbonate 2. Phosphate 3. Glutamine