L3

Question 1

There are [3 or 4] starling forces involved in glomerular filtration

Answer 1

There are 3 starling forces involved in glomerular filtration

Question 2

Glomerular filtration formula:

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (PGC) - Glomerular osmotic pressure (πGC) - Bowmans space hydrostatic pressure (PBS) = […] which is always [negative or positive]

Answer 2

Glomerular filtration formula:

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (PGC) - Glomerular osmotic pressure (πGC) - Bowmans space hydrostatic pressure (PBS) = glomerular filtration pressure which is always positive

Question 3

There [is or is not] a glomerular filtration pressure starling force for Bowmans osmotic pressure

Answer 3

There is not a glomerular filtration pressure starling force for Bowmans osmotic pressure

Question 4

Glomerular filtration mmHgs

1. […] is 60 mmHg
2. […] is 29 mmHg
3. […] is 15 mmHg

Net glomerular filtration pressure is the [sum or subtraction] of these forces and is always positive (16 mmHg)

Answer 4

Glomerular filtration mmHgs

1. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (PGC) is 60 mmHg
2. Glomerular osmotic pressure (πGC) is 29 mmHg
3. Bowmans space hydrostatic pressure (PBS) is 15 mmHg

Net glomerular filtration pressure is the sum of these forces and is always positive (16 mmHg)

Question 5

Afferent arteriole → glomerular filtration → efferent arteriole

Is this the correct order?

[Y or N]

Answer 5

Afferent arteriole → glomerular filtration → efferent arteriole

Is this the correct order?

Yes

Question 6

A factor that will [decrease or increase] the glomerular filtration rate is high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

Answer 6

A factor that will increase the glomerular filtration rate is high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

Question 7

A factor that will [decrease or increase] the glomerular filtration rate is high protein content in the glomeruli

Answer 7

A factor that will decrease the glomerular filtration rate is high protein content in the glomeruli

Question 8

The […] is 20% of the total plasma volume that is flltered into Bowmans capsule.

Of this 20 (filtration fraction)%, [how much]% is excreted (urine) and [how much]% is reabsorbed into the [nephron capillary type] capillaries to be returned to systemic circulation

Answer 8

The filtration fraction is 20% of the total plasma volume that is flltered into Bowmans capsule.

Of this 20 (filtration fraction)%, 1% is excreted (urine) and 19% is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries to be returned to systemic circulation

Question 9

Glomerular filtration [pressure or rate] is the volume of fluid filtered from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s space per unit time

Answer 9

Glomerular filtration rate is the volume of fluid filtered from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s space per unit time

Question 10

The normal glomerular filtration [pressure or rate]:

125mL/minute = 180L/day.

These metrics are used to look at the health of the [organ] and [is or is not] a fixed value

Answer 10

The normal glomerular filtration rate:

125mL/minute = 180L/day.

These metrics are used to look at the health of the kidney and is not a fixed value

Question 11

Glomerular filtration [pressure or rate] [is or is not] a fixed value

Factors affecting:
1. Net glomerular filtration pressure (Net glomerular filtration pressure = PGC – PBS – πGC)
2. Neural and endorcrine control
3. Permeability of the corpuscular membrane
4. Surface area available for filtration

Answer 11

Glomerular filtration rate is not a fixed value

Factors affecting:
1. Net glomerular filtration pressure (Net glomerular filtration pressure = PGC – PBS – πGC)
2. Neural and endorcrine control
3. Permeability of the corpuscular membrane
4. Surface area available for filtration

Corpuscular membrane - glomerulus endothelial, basement membrane, podocyte protein (podocin, nephrin) permeability
Surface area available for filtration - foot processes of podocytes

Question 12

[…] allows for a constant glomerular filtration rate within mean arterial pressure changes between 80 and 180 mmHg

Answer 12

Autoregulation allows for a constant glomerular filtration rate within mean arterial pressure changes between 80 and 180 mmHg

Question 13

[…] is regulated by changes in the:

1. Myogenic
2. Tubuloglomerular

Answer 13

Autoregulation is regulated by changes in the:

1. Myogenic
2. Tubuloglomerular

Question 14

From mean arterial presssure ranges between 80 and 180 mmHg, […] allows for a constant glomerular filtratrion [pressure or rate]

Answer 14

From mean arterial presssure ranges between 80 and 180 mmHg, autoregulation allows for a constant glomerular filtratrion rate

Question 15

Mechanisms that change […]

1. Myogenic response (reflex) (autoregulatory)
2. Tubular glomerular feedback (autoregulatory)
3. Hormones and neurotransmitters released from autonomic neurons (beyond autoregulatory)

Answer 15

Mechanisms that change arteriolar resistance (glomerular filtration rate)

1. Myogenic response (reflex) (autoregulatory)
2. Tubular glomerular feedback (autoregulatory)
3. Hormones and neurotransmitters released from autonomic neurons (beyond autoregulatory)

Question 16

The […] changes arteriolar resistance by contracting or relaxing [skeletal or smooth] muscle in response to increases or decreases in blood pressure

Answer 16

The myogenic response (reflex) changes arteriolar resistance by contracting or relaxing arteriolar smooth muscle in response to increases or decreases in blood pressure

Question 17

There are 4 myogenic scenarios that can alter glomerular filtration [pressure or rate]:

1. [vasodilation or vasoconstriction] in afferent arterioles causes decreased glomerular filtration
2. [vasodilation or vasoconstriction] in efferent arterioles causes increased glomerular filtration
3. [vasodilation or vasoconstriction] in afferent arterioles causes increased glomerular filtration
4. [vasodilation or vasoconstriction] in efferent arterioles causes decreased glomerular filtration and resistance

Answer 17

There are 4 myogenic scenarios that can alter glomerular filtration rate:

1. Vasoconstriction in afferent arterioles causes decreased glomerular filtration
2. Vasoconstriction in efferent arterioles causes increased glomerular filtration
3. Vasodilation in afferent arterioles causes increased glomerular filtration
4. Vasodilation in efferent arterioles causes decreased glomerular filtration and resistance

Question 18

[autoregulation control or beyond autoregulatory phase] of glomerular filtratrion rate
1. Myogenic response
2. Juxtaglomerular apparatus

[autoregulation control or beyond autoregulatory phase] of glomerular filtratrion rate
1. Hormones and neurotransmitters affecting arteriole resistance

Answer 18

Autoregulation control of glomerular filtratrion rate
1. Myogenic response
2. Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Beyond autoregulatory phase of glomerular filtratrion rate
1. Hormones and neurotransmitters affecting arteriole resistance

Question 19

The […] is a specialized structure formed by the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 19

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized structure formed by the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule

Question 20

There are 3 types of cells that control glomerular filtration rate:

1. Macula densa [are or are not] part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
2. Juxtaglomerular cells [are or are not] part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
3. Mesangial cells [are or are not] part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 20

There are 3 types of cells that control glomerular filtration rate:

1. Macula densa are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
2. Juxtaglomerular cells are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
3. Mesangial cells are not part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 21

[GFR cells] are located on the wall where the ascending loop of Henle begins to form the distal convoluted tubule

They sense increased [ion] and flow of […] in the distal convoluted tubule

They secrete […] compounds such as adenosine via paracrine mechanisms that affect [efferent or afferent] arteriole resistance

They [are or are not] part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 21

Macula densa are located on the wall where the ascending loop of Henle begins to form the distal convoluted tubule

They sense increased Na+ and flow of fluid in the distal convoluted tubule

They secrete vasoactive compounds such as adenosine via paracrine mechanisms that affect afferent arteriole resistance

They are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 22

[GFR cells] cells are also called granular cells and are located on top of the afferent arterioles

They affect afferent arteriole resistance by:
1. Secretion of [hormone] by the [parasympathetic or sympathetic or both] nervous system(s)

They [are or are not] part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 22

Juxtaglomerular cells are also called granular cells and are located on top of the afferent arterioles

They affect afferent arteriole resistance by:
1. Secretion of renin by the sympathethic nervous system(s)

They are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 23

[GFR cells] cells are found in the triangular region between the afferent and efferent arterioles

They [are or are not] part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 23

Mesangial cells are found in the triangular region between the afferent and efferent arterioles

They are not part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 24

Contraction of the [GFR cells] cells allows podocytes to [relax or contract], decreasing the […] for glomerular filtration

Answer 24

Contraction of the mesangial cells allows podocytes to contract, decreasing the surface area for glomerular filtration

Question 25

How do the [GFR cells] cells autoregulate glomerular filtration rate? An increase in glomerular filtration rate (fluid increase) causes vasoactive factors (adenosine) to be released via paracrine mechanisms that constrict afferent arterioles, decreasing the glomerular filtration rate.

Answer 25

How do the macula densa cells autoregulate glomerular filtration rate? An increase in glomerular filtration rate (fluid increase) causes vasoactive factors (adenosine) to be released via paracrine mechanisms that constrict afferent arterioles, decreasing the glomerular filtration rate.

Question 26

A [...] is the amount of a substance that is filtered by the kidneys per day (into Bowmans space)

Answer 26

A filtered load is the amount of a substance that is filtered by the kidneys per day (into Bowmans space)

Question 27

The [...] formula: [...] = glomerular filtration rate x concentration of substance in blood

Answer 27

The filtered load formula: filtered load = glomerular filtration rate x concentration of substance in blood

Question 28

If the amount of substance excreted in urine is [less or greater] than the filtered load: Secretion has occured for that substance

Answer 28

If the amount of substance excreted in urine is greater than the filtered load: Secretion has occured for that substance

Question 29

If the amount of substance excreted in urine is [less or greater] than the filtered load: Reabsoprtion has occured for that substance

Answer 29

If the amount of substance excreted in urine is less than the filtered load: Reabsoprtion has occured for that substance

Question 30

The 3 starling forces involved in glomerular filtration are: 1. [...] [favors or opposes] filtration 2. [...] [favors or opposes] filtration 3. [...] [favors or opposes] filtration

Answer 30

The 3 starling forces involved in glomerular filtration are: 1. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (PGC) favors filtration 2. Glomerular osmotic pressure (πGC) opposes filtration 3. Bowmans space hydrostatic pressure (PBS) opposes

Question 31

Glomerular filtration formula: [...] - [...] - [...] = glomerular filtration pressure which is always positive

Answer 31

Glomerular filtration formula: Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (PGC) - Glomerular osmotic pressure (πGC) - Bowmans space hydrostatic pressure (PBS) = glomerular filtration pressure which is always positive

Question 32

There is not a glomerular filtration pressure starling force for [...]

Answer 32

There is not a glomerular filtration pressure starling force for Bowmans osmotic pressure

Question 33

Glomerular filtration mmHgs 1. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (PGC) is [how much] mmHg 2. Glomerular osmotic pressure (πGC) is [how much] mmHg 3. Bowmans space hydrostatic pressure (PBS) is [how much] mmHg Net glomerular filtration pressure is the sum of these forces and is always [negative or positive]

Answer 33

1. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (PGC) is 60 mmHg 2. Glomerular osmotic pressure (πGC) is 29 mmHg 3. Bowmans space hydrostatic pressure (PBS) is 15 mmHg Net glomerular filtration pressure is the sum of these forces and is always positive (16 mmHg)

Question 34

A factor that will increase the glomerular filtration rate is [low or high] blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

Answer 34

A factor that will increase the glomerular filtration rate is high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

Question 35

A factor that will decrease the glomerular filtration rate is [low or high] protein content in the [bowmans cacpsule or glomeruli]

Answer 35

A factor that will decrease the glomerular filtration rate is high protein content in the glomeruli

Question 36

The filtration fraction is [how much]% of the total plasma volume that is flltered into Bowmans capsule. Of this [how much]%, 1% is [excreted or reabsorbed] and 19% is [excreted or reabsorbed] into the peritubular capillaries to be returned to systemic circulation

Answer 36

The filtration fraction is 20% of the total plasma volume that is flltered into Bowmans capsule. Of this 20 (filtration fraction)%, 1% is excreted (urine) and 19% is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries to be returned to systemic circulation

Question 37

Glomerular filtration rate is the volume of fluid filtered from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s space per [metric]

Answer 37

Glomerular filtration rate is the volume of fluid filtered from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s space per unit time

Question 38

The normal glomerular filtration rate: [per minute] = [per day]. These metrics are used to look at the health of the kidney and is not a fixed value

Answer 38

The normal glomerular filtration rate: 125mL/minute = 180L/day. These metrics are used to look at the health of the kidney and is not a fixed value

Question 39

Glomerular filtration rate is not a fixed value Factors affecting: 1. [...] 2. [...] 3. [...] 4. [...]

Answer 39

Glomerular filtration rate is not a fixed value Factors affecting: 1. Net glomerular filtration pressure (Net glomerular filtration pressure = PGC – PBS – πGC) 2. Neural and endorcrine control 3. Permeability of the corpuscular membrane 4. Surface area available for filtration

Question 40

Autoregulation allows for a constant glomerular filtration [pressure or rate] within mean arterial pressure changes between [how much] and [how much] mmHg

Answer 40

Autoregulation allows for a constant glomerular filtration rate within mean arterial pressure changes between 80 and 180 mmHg

Question 41

Autoregulation is regulated by changes in the: 1. [what type of reflex] 2. [what type of effect]

Answer 41

Autoregulation is regulated by changes in the: 1. Myogenic 2. Tubuloglomerular

Question 42

From mean arterial presssure ranges between [how much] and [how much] mmHg, autoregulation allows for a constant glomerular filtratrion rate

Answer 42

From mean arterial presssure ranges between 80 and 180 mmHg, autoregulation allows for a constant glomerular filtratrion rate

Question 43

Mechanisms that change arteriolar resistance (glomerular filtration rate) 1. [...] (autoregulatory) 2. [...] (autoregulatory) 3. [...] released from [somatic or autonomic] neurons (beyond autoregulatory)

Answer 43

Mechanisms that change arteriolar resistance (glomerular filtration rate) 1. Myogenic response (reflex) (autoregulatory) 2. Tubular glomerular feedback (autoregulatory) 3. Hormones and neurotransmitters released from autonomic neurons (beyond autoregulatory)

Question 44

The myogenic response (reflex) changes [...] by contracting or relaxing arteriolar smooth muscle in response to increases or decreases in blood pressure

Answer 44

The myogenic response (reflex) changes arteriolar resistance by contracting or relaxing arteriolar smooth muscle in response to increases or decreases in blood pressure

Question 45

There are 4 myogenic scenarios that can alter glomerular filtration rate: 1. Vasoconstriction in [efferent or afferent] arterioles causes decreased glomerular filtration 2. Vasoconstriction in [efferent or afferent] arterioles causes increased glomerular filtration 3. Vasodilation in [efferent or afferent] arterioles causes increased glomerular filtration 4. Vasodilation in [efferent or afferent] arterioles causes decreased glomerular filtration and resistance

Answer 45

There are 4 myogenic scenarios that can alter glomerular filtration rate: 1. Vasoconstriction in afferent arterioles causes decreased glomerular filtration 2. Vasoconstriction in efferent arterioles causes increased glomerular filtration 3. Vasodilation in afferent arterioles causes increased glomerular filtration 4. Vasodilation in efferent arterioles causes decreased glomerular filtration and resistance

Question 46

Autoregulation control of glomerular filtratrion rate 1. [...] 2. [...] Beyond autoregulatory phase of glomerular filtratrion rate 1. [...] affecting arteriole resistance

Answer 46

Autoregulation control of glomerular filtratrion rate 1. Myogenic response 2. Juxtaglomerular apparatus Beyond autoregulatory phase of glomerular filtratrion rate 1. Hormones and neurotransmitters affecting arteriole resistance

Question 47

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized structure formed by the [...] and the [...]

Answer 47

he juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized structure formed by the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule

Question 48

There are 3 types of cells that control glomerular filtration rate: 1. [GFR cells] are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus 2. [GFR cells] are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus 3. [GFR cells] are not part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 48

There are 3 types of cells that control glomerular filtration rate: 1. Macula densa are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus 2. Juxtaglomerular cells are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus 3. Mesangial cells are not part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 49

Macula densa are located on the wall where the [descending or ascending] loop of Henle begins to form the [proximal or distal] convoluted tubule They sense increased Na+ and flow of fluid in the [proximal or distal] convoluted tubule They secrete vasoactive compounds such as [...] via [endo, auto, para, or neuro]crine mechanisms that affect afferent arteriole resistance They are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 49

Macula densa are located on the wall where the ascending loop of Henle begins to form the distal convoluted tubule They sense increased Na+ and flow of fluid in the distal convoluted tubule They secrete vasoactive compounds such as adenosine via paracrine mechanisms that affect afferent arteriole resistance They are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 50

Juxtaglomerular cells are also called [...] cells and are located on top of the [efferent or afferent] arterioles They affect [efferent or afferent] arteriole resistance by: 1. Secretion of renin by the sympathethic nervous system(s) They are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 50

Juxtaglomerular cells are also called granular cells and are located on top of the afferent arterioles They affect afferent arteriole resistance by: 1. Secretion of renin by the sympathethic nervous system(s) They are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 51

Mesangial cells are found in the triangular region between the [...] They are not part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 51

Mesangial cells are found in the triangular region between the afferent and efferent arterioles They are not part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 52

[relaxation or contraction] of the mesangial cells allows [cell type] to contract, [increasing or decreasing] the surface area for glomerular filtration

Answer 52

Contraction of the mesangial cells allows podocytes to contract, decreasing the surface area for glomerular filtration

Question 53

How do the macula densa cells autoregulate glomerular filtration rate? An increase in glomerular filtration rate (fluid increase) causes [...] to be released via [auto, endo, neuro, or para]crine mechanisms that [dilate or constrict] [efferent or afferent] arterioles, [increasing or decreasing] the glomerular filtration rate.

Answer 53

How do the macula densa cells autoregulate glomerular filtration rate? An increase in glomerular filtration rate (fluid increase) causes vasoactive factors (adenosine) to be released via paracrine mechanisms that constrict afferent arterioles, decreasing the glomerular filtration rate.

Question 54

A filtered load is the amount of a substance that is [...]

Answer 54

A filtered load is the amount of a substance that is filtered by the kidneys per day (into Bowmans space)

Question 55

The filtered load formula: filtered load = [...] x [...]

Answer 55

The filtered load formula: filtered load = glomerular filtration rate x concentration of substance in blood

Question 56

If the amount of substance excreted in urine is greater than the filtered load: [reabsorption or secretion] has occured for that substance

Answer 56

If the amount of substance excreted in urine is greater than the filtered load: Secretion has occured for that substance

Question 57

If the amount of substance excreted in urine is less than the filtered load: [reabsorption or secretion] has occured for that substance

Answer 57

If the amount of substance excreted in urine is less than the filtered load: Reabsoprtion has occured for that substance

Question 58

There are 4 myogenic scenarios that can alter glomerular filtration rate: 1. Vasoconstriction in afferent arterioles causes [increased or decreased] glomerular filtration 2. Vasoconstriction in efferent arterioles causes [increased or decreased] glomerular filtration 3. Vasodilation in afferent arterioles causes [increased or decreased] glomerular filtration 4. Vasodilation in efferent arterioles causes [increased or decreased] glomerular filtration and resistance

Answer 58

There are 4 myogenic scenarios that can alter glomerular filtration rate: 1. Vasoconstriction in afferent arterioles causes decreased glomerular filtration 2. Vasoconstriction in efferent arterioles causes increased glomerular filtration 3. Vasodilation in afferent arterioles causes increased glomerular filtration 4. Vasodilation in efferent arterioles causes decreased glomerular filtration and resistance