L5

Question 1

Sources of water gain:
1.
2.

Answer 1

Sources of water gain:
1. Drinking liquid
2. Oxidation of food

Question 2

Sources of water loss:
1. […]
2. […]
3. […]
4. […]
5. […]
6. […]

Answer 2

Sources of water loss:
1. Skin
2. Respiratory airways (insensible)
3. Sweat
4. GI tract
5. Urinary tract
6. Menstrual flow

Question 3

[how much]% of water is reabsorbed at the [nephron component] because aquaporins are [sometimes or always] open

Meaning this pathway is not physiologically regulated

Answer 3

67% of water is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule because aquaporins are always open

Meaning this pathway is not physiologically regulated

Question 4

Water reabsoprtion [is or is not] dependent on Na+ due to the osmotic gradient it creates

Answer 4

Water reabsoprtion is dependent on Na+ due to the osmotic gradient it creates

Question 5

[hormone] is the same thing as antidiuretic hormone

Answer 5

Vasopressin is the same thing as antidiuretic hormone

Question 6

Water reabsorption at the [nephron component] is regulated by [hormone] acting on an AQP-2

Answer 6

Water reabsorption at the collecting ducts is regulated by vasopressin / ADH acting on an AQP-2

Question 7

Water transport along the Nephron:

[nephron component]:
Percent reabsorbed: 67%
Transporter: AQP-1
Hormones: none

Answer 7

Water transport along the Nephron:

Proximal tubule:
Percent reabsorbed: 67%
Transporter: AQP-1
Hormones: none

Question 8

Water transport along the Nephron:

[nephron component]:
Percent reabsorbed: 15%
Transporter: AQP-1
Hormones: none

Answer 8

Water transport along the Nephron:

Descending (thin) loop of Henle:
Percent reabsorbed: 15%
Transporter: AQP-1
Hormones: none

Question 9

Water transport along the Nephron:

[nephron component]:
Percent reabsorbed: 0%
Transporter: none
Hormones: none

Answer 9

Water transport along the Nephron:

Distal tubule:
Percent reabsorbed: 0%
Transporter: none
Hormones: none

Question 10

Water transport along the Nephron:

[nephron component]:
Percent reabsorbed: 8-17%
Transporter: AQP-2,-3,-4
Hormones: Vasopressin / ADH

Answer 10

Water transport along the Nephron:

Collecting duct:
Percent reabsorbed: 8-17%
Transporter: AQP-2,-3,-4
Hormones: Vasopressin / ADH

Question 11

All water [reabsoprtion or secretion] in the nephron [is or is not] passive

Answer 11

All water reabsorption in the nephron is passive

Question 12

[…] means hormone control

Answer 12

Physiological control means hormone control

Question 13

Sodium moves into the proximal tubule cell [actively or passively] and into the interstitial fluid [actively or passively]. This osmotic gradient is what allows water to move through the cell via AQP-1

Answer 13

Sodium moves into the proximal tubule cell passively and into the interstitial fluid actively. This osmotic gradient is what allows water to move through the cell via AQP-1

Question 14

In the Loop of Henle:

Water [is or is not] reabsorbed at the descending Loop of Henle

Water [is or is not] reabsorbed at the ascending Loop of Henle

NaCl [is or is not] reabsorbed at the ascending Loop of Henle

Answer 14

In the Loop of Henle:

Water is reabsorbed at the descending Loop of Henle

Water is not (impermeable) reabsorbed at the ascending Loop of Henle

NaCl is reabsorbed at the ascending Loop of Henle

Question 15

In the Loop of Henle:

Water [is or is not] reabsorbed at the ascending Loop of Henle

Salt [is or is not] reabsorbed at the ascending Loop of Henle

Water [is or is not] reabsorbed at the descending Loop of Henle

Answer 15

In the Loop of Henle:

Water is not (impermeable) reabsorbed at the ascending Loop of Henle

Salt is reabsorbed at the ascending Loop of Henle

Water is reabsorbed at the descending Loop of Henle

Question 16

The purpose of the [nephron component] is to create an osmotic gradient. This gradient is highest at the [bottom or top] of the structure

Answer 16

The purpose of the Loop of Henle is to create an osmotic gradient. This gradient is highest at the bottom of the structure

Question 17

The osmotic gradient created by the [nephron structure] aids in reabsoprtion of water at the [nephron component], where it is tighly regulated by vasopressin (ADH)

Answer 17

The osmotic gradient created by the Loop of Henle aids in reabsoprtion of water at the collecting duct, where it is tighly regulated by vasopressin (ADH)

Question 18

The goal of the [nephron component] is to create a hyperosmolar environment in the interstitial space

Answer 18

The goal of the Loop of Henle is to create a hyperosmolar environment in the interstitial space

Question 19

The movement of Na+ into the interstitial space at the [descending or ascending] Loop of Henle is [passive or active]

Answer 19

The movement of Na+ into the interstitial space at the ascending Loop of Henle is active

Question 20

What follows Na+ from the [descending or ascending] loop of Henle into the interstitial space?

Answer: [ion] forming […]

Answer 20

What follows Na+ from the ascending loop of Henle into the interstitial space?

Answer: Cl- forming NaCl

Question 21

Osmolarities in the Loop of Henle:

Answer 21

Osmolarities in the Loop of Henle:

Descending: 300 → 400 milliosmoles
Base (Hairpin): 1400 milliosmoles
Ascending: 200 milliosmoles
Intersitial space: 400 milliosmoles

Question 22

The plasma osmolarity of blood is [how many] milliosmoles which is the same as in the [ascending or descending] loop of Henle

Answer 22

The plasma osmolarity of blood is 300 milliosmoles which is the same as in the descending loop of Henle

Question 23

NaCl is [secreted or reabsorbed] by the body thanks to the ascending loop of Henle

Answer 23

NaCl is reabsorbed by the body thanks to the ascending loop of Henle

Question 24

A net movement of water occurs out of the [ascending or descending] loop of Henle, changing the milliosmoles from 300 to 400, and the [ascending or descending] limb continues to actively cause [reabsorption or secretion] of NaCl

Answer 24

A net movement of water occurs out of the descending loop of Henle, changing the milliosmoles from 300 to 400, and the ascending limb continues to actively cause reabsorption of NaCl

Question 25

Water will continue to leave the [ascending or descending] Loop of Henle until diffusional equilibrium of [how many] milliosmoles is reached

Answer 25

Water will continue to leave the descending Loop of Henle until diffusional equilibrium of 400 milliosmoles is reached

Question 26

The drawing of water from the [ascending or descending] loop of Henle, and the reason why the intersitial space becomes hyperosmotic, is because: 1. The [descending or ascending] limb is impermeable to water 2. Active transport of NaCl from the [descending or ascending] limb into the interstitial space

Answer 26

The drawing of water from the descending loop of Henle, and the reason why the intersitial space becomes hyperosmotic, is because: 1. The ascending limb is impermeable to water 2. Active transport of NaCl from the ascending limb into the interstitial space

Question 27

As fluid moves down the [ascending or descending] loop of Henle, osmolarity [descreases or increases]. This is called counter current multiplication and ensures the base of the loop has the highest osmolarity

Answer 27

As fluid moves down the descending loop of Henle, osmolarity increases. This is called counter current multiplication and ensures the base of the loop has the highest osmolarity

Question 28

As fluid moves down the [ascending or descending] loop of Henle, osmolarity [descreases or increases]. As fluid moves up the [ascending or descending] loop, osmolarity [descreases or increases]

Answer 28

As fluid moves down the descending loop of Henle, osmolarity increases. As fluid moves up the ascending loop, osmolarity decreases

Question 29

In a hot environment, you want a [dilute or concentrated] urine. This induces the formation of a hyperosmotic gradient in the Loop of Henle, so that the [nephron component] can reabsorb as much water as possible to the interstitial space via [hormone]

Answer 29

In a hot environment, you want a concentrated urine. This induces the formation of a hyperosmotic gradient in the Loop of Henle, so that the collecting duct can reabsorb as much water as possible to the interstitial space via vasopressin (ADH)

Question 30

There is always a [how much] milliosmoles difference between the descending limb and the ascending limb

Answer 30

There is always a 200 milliosmoles difference between the descending limb and the ascending limb

Question 31

Fluid osmolarity begins to increase in the [medullary or cortical] collecting duct due to vasopressin (ADH) [preventing or allowing] water to be reabsorbed

Answer 31

Fluid osmolarity begins to increase in the cortical collecting duct due to vasopressin (ADH) allowing water to be reabsorbed

Question 32

When water exits the [nephron component], it is taken to the renal vein by the vasa recta capillaries

Answer 32

When water exits the collecting duct, it is taken to the renal vein by the vasa recta capillaries

Question 33

Loops of Henle from different species [have or do not have] different lengths depending on environment and needs [long or short] loop – does not need to conserve water [long or short] loop – does need to conserve more water; hyperosmolar gradient is greater to [secrete or conserve] more water

Answer 33

Loops of Henle from different species have different lengths depending on environment and needs Short loop – does not need to conserve water Long loop – does need to conserve more water; hyperosmolar gradient is greater to conserve (reabsorb) more water

Question 34

Blood flow in the vasa recta is [counter current or current], meaning it flows in the opposite direction as fluid from the loop of Henle

Answer 34

Blood flow in the vasa recta is counter current, meaning it flows in the opposite direction as fluid from the loop of Henle

Question 35

Nephrons involved in osmotic gradients and vasa recta exchange are [cortical or juxtamedullary or both]

Answer 35

Nephrons involved in osmotic gradients and vasa recta exchange are juxtamedullary

Question 36

[ascending or descending] vasa recta - Water [enters or exits], - NaCl [enters or exits] - Osmolarity increases [ascending or descending] vasa recta - Water [enters or exits], - NaCl [enters or exits] - Osmolarity decreases Both maintain gradient created by [descending or ascending] loop of henle

Answer 36

Desending vasa recta - Water exits, - NaCl enters - Osmolarity increases Ascending vasa recta - Water enters, - NaCl exits - Osmolarity decreases Both maintain gradient created by ascending loop of henle

Question 37

[ascending or descending] vasa recta - Water [enters or exits], - NaCl [enters or exits] - Osmolarity increases

Answer 37

Desending vasa recta - Water exits, - NaCl enters - Osmolarity increases

Question 38

[ascending or descending] vasa recta - Water [enters or exits], - NaCl [enters or exits] - Osmolarity decreases

Answer 38

Ascending vasa recta - Water enters, - NaCl exits - Osmolarity decreases

Question 39

Blood flow in the medulla is [high or low] and less than 5% of the total renal blood flow. This flow speed helps prevent [gain or loss] of solute to the vasa recta

Answer 39

Blood flow in the medulla is low (sluggish) and less than 5% of the total renal blood flow. This flow speed helps prevent loss of solute to the vasa recta

Question 40

NaCl, water, ions, everything! ix exchanged (both ways) by the vasa recta [actively or passively] NaCl is exported to the interstitial fluid by the ascending loop of Henle [actively or passively] NaCl is imported from the interstitial fluid by the descending loop of Henle [actively or passively]

Answer 40

NaCl, water, ions, everything! ix exchanged (both ways) by the vasa recta passively NaCl is exported to the interstitial fluid by the ascending loop of Henle actively NaCl is imported from the interstitial fluid by the descending loop of Henle passively

Question 41

The vasa recta [establish or maintain] medullary tubule hyperosmolarity The [descending or ascending] loop of Henle [establish or maintain] medullary tubule hyperosmolarity

Answer 41

The vasa recta maintain medullary tubule hyperosmolarity The ascending loop of Henle establish medullary tubule hyperosmolarity

Question 42

The osmolarity of blood as it leaves the [nephron capillay type] is slightly [lower or higher], meaning there is more solutes or less water in it

Answer 42

The osmolarity of blood as it leaves the vasa recta is slightly higher, meaning there is more solutes or less water in it

Question 43

100% of [substance] is filtered meaning it is freely filtered 15% of filtered [substance] is [reabsorbed or excreted] The recycling and trapping of urea in the intersitial space helps maintain the [high or low] osmolarity in the medulla

Answer 43

100% of urea is filtered meaning it is freely filtered 15% of filtered urea is excreted The recycling and trapping of urea in the intersitial space helps maintain the high osmolarity in the medulla

Question 44

Kidneys save water by producing [hypo or hyper]osmotic urine

Answer 44

Kidneys save water by producing hyperosmotic urine

Question 45

Mechanisms to maintain hyperosmotic environment of kidneys: 1. [...] 2. [...] 3. [...] 4. [...] 5. [...]

Answer 45

Mechanisms to maintain hyperosmotic environment of kidneys: 1. Counter current anatomy / opposing fluid flow of loop of Henle 2. Reabsoption of NaCl in ascending loop 3. Impermeability of water in ascending loop 4. Urea trapping 5. Vasa recta maintaining by substance exchanges

Question 46

67% of [substance] is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule because [channels] are always open Meaning this pathway [is or is not] physiologically regulated

Answer 46

67% of water is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule because aquaporins are always open Meaning this pathway is not physiologically regulated

Question 47

Water reabsoprtion is dependent on [ion] due to the [...] it creates

Answer 47

Water reabsoprtion is dependent on Na+ due to the osmotic gradient it creates

Question 48

Vasopressin [is or is not] the same thing as antidiuretic hormone

Answer 48

Vasopressin is the same thing as antidiuretic hormone

Question 49

Water reabsorption at the collecting ducts [is or is not] regulated by vasopressin / ADH acting on an [specific transporter]

Answer 49

Water reabsorption at the collecting ducts is regulated by vasopressin / ADH acting on an AQP-2

Question 50

Water transport along the Nephron: Proximal tubule: Percent reabsorbed: [how much]% Transporter: [...] Hormones: [...]

Answer 50

Water transport along the Nephron: Proximal tubule: Percent reabsorbed: 67% Transporter: AQP-1 Hormones: none

Question 51

Water transport along the Nephron: Descending (thin) loop of Henle: Percent reabsorbed: [how much]% Transporter: [...] Hormones: [...]

Answer 51

Water transport along the Nephron: Descending (thin) loop of Henle: Percent reabsorbed: 15% Transporter: AQP-1 Hormones: none

Question 52

Water transport along the Nephron: Distal tubule: Percent reabsorbed: [how much]% Transporter: [...] Hormones: [...]

Answer 52

Water transport along the Nephron: Distal tubule: Percent reabsorbed: 0% Transporter: none Hormones: none

Question 53

Water transport along the Nephron: Collecting duct: Percent reabsorbed: [how much]% Transporter: [...] Hormones: [...]

Answer 53

Water transport along the Nephron: Collecting duct: Percent reabsorbed: 8-17% Transporter: AQP-2,-3,-4 Hormones: Vasopressin / ADH

Question 54

All water reabsorption in the nephron is [active or passive]

Answer 54

All water reabsorption in the nephron is passive

Question 55

Physiological control means [...]

Answer 55

Physiological control means hormone control

Question 56

Sodium moves into the proximal tubule cell passively and into the interstitial fluid actively. This [diffusion or osmotic] gradient is what allows water to move through the cell via [specific aquaporin]

Answer 56

Sodium moves into the proximal tubule cell passively and into the interstitial fluid actively. This osmotic gradient is what allows water to move through the cell via AQP-1

Question 57

In the Loop of Henle: Water is reabsorbed at the [ascending or descending] Loop of Henle Water is not (impermeable) reabsorbed at the [ascending or descending] Loop of Henle NaCl is reabsorbed at the [ascending or descending] Loop of Henle

Answer 57

In the Loop of Henle: Water is reabsorbed at the descending Loop of Henle Water is not (impermeable) reabsorbed at the ascending Loop of Henle NaCl is reabsorbed at the ascending Loop of Henle

Question 58

In the Loop of Henle: Water is not (impermeable) reabsorbed at the [ascending or descending] Loop of Henle Salt is reabsorbed at the [ascending or descending] Loop of Henle Water is reabsorbed at the [ascending or descending] Loop of Henle

Answer 58

In the Loop of Henle: Water is not (impermeable) reabsorbed at the ascending Loop of Henle Salt is reabsorbed at the ascending Loop of Henle Water is reabsorbed at the descending Loop of Henle

Question 59

The purpose of the Loop of Henle is to create an [...]. This gradient is highest at the bottom of the structure

Answer 59

The purpose of the Loop of Henle is to create an osmotic gradient. This gradient is highest at the bottom of the structure

Question 60

The osmotic gradient created by the Loop of Henle aids in reabsoprtion of [substance] at the collecting duct, where it is tighly regulated by [hormone]

Answer 60

The osmotic gradient created by the Loop of Henle aids in reabsoprtion of water at the collecting duct, where it is tighly regulated by vasopressin (ADH)

Question 61

The goal of the Loop of Henle is to create a [hypo or hyper]osmolar environment in the [tubules or interstitial space

Answer 61

The goal of the Loop of Henle is to create a hyperosmolar environment in the interstitial space

Question 62

Osmolarities in the Loop of Henle: Descending: [how many] milliosmoles Base (Hairpin): [how many] milliosmoles Ascending: [how many] milliosmoles Intersitial space: [how many] milliosmoles

Answer 62

Osmolarities in the Loop of Henle: Descending: 300 → 400 milliosmoles Base (Hairpin): 1400 milliosmoles Ascending: 200 milliosmoles Intersitial space: 400 milliosmoles

Question 63

NaCl is reabsorbed by the body thanks to the [descending or ascending] loop of Henle

Answer 63

NaCl is reabsorbed by the body thanks to the ascending loop of Henle

Question 64

A net movement of water occurs out of the descending loop of Henle, changing the milliosmoles from [how many] to [how many], and the ascending limb continues to [passively or actively] cause reabsorption of NaCl

Answer 64

A net movement of water occurs out of the descending loop of Henle, changing the milliosmoles from 300 to 400, and the ascending limb continues to actively cause reabsorption of NaCl

Question 65

Water will continue to leave the descending Loop of Henle until [...] of 400 milliosmoles is reached

Answer 65

Water will continue to leave the descending Loop of Henle until diffusional equilibrium of 400 milliosmoles is reached

Question 66

The drawing of water from the descending loop of Henle, and the reason why the intersitial space becomes [hypo or hyper]osmotic, is because: 1. The ascending limb is [permeable or impermeable] to water 2. [passive or active] transport of [substance] from the ascending limb into the interstitial space

Answer 66

The drawing of water from the descending loop of Henle, and the reason why the intersitial space becomes hyperosmotic, is because: 1. The ascending limb is impermeable to water 2. Active transport of NaCl from the ascending limb into the interstitial space

Question 67

As fluid moves down the descending loop of Henle, osmolarity increases. This is called [...] and ensures the base of the loop has the [lowest or highest] osmolarity

Answer 67

As fluid moves down the descending loop of Henle, osmolarity increases. This is called counter current multiplication and ensures the base of the loop has the highest osmolarity

Question 68

In a hot environment, you want a concentrated urine. This induces the formation of a [hypo or hyper]osmotic gradient in the Loop of Henle, so that the collecting duct can [secrete or reabsorb] as much water as possible to the interstitial space via vasopressin (ADH)

Answer 68

In a hot environment, you want a concentrated urine. This induces the formation of a hyperosmotic gradient in the Loop of Henle, so that the collecting duct can reabsorb as much water as possible to the interstitial space via vasopressin (ADH)

Question 69

Fluid osmolarity begins to [decrease or increase] in the cortical collecting duct due to [hormone] allowing water to be [secreted or reabsorbed]

Answer 69

Fluid osmolarity begins to increase in the cortical collecting duct due to vasopressin (ADH) allowing water to be reabsorbed

Question 70

When water exits the collecting duct, it is taken to the [vein] by the [neprhon capillary type] capillaries

Answer 70

When water exits the collecting duct, it is taken to the renal vein by the vasa recta capillaries

Question 71

Loops of Henle from different species have different lengths depending on environment and needs Short loop – [does not or does] need to conserve water Long loop – [does not or does] need to conserve more water; hyperosmolar gradient is [lesser or greater] to conserve (reabsorb) more water

Answer 71

Loops of Henle from different species have different lengths depending on environment and needs Short loop – does not need to conserve water Long loop – does need to conserve more water; hyperosmolar gradient is greater to conserve (reabsorb) more water

Question 72

Blood flow in the [nephron capillary type] is counter current, meaning it flows in the [opposite or same] direction as fluid from the loop of Henle

Answer 72

Blood flow in the vasa recta is counter current, meaning it flows in the opposite direction as fluid from the loop of Henle

Question 73

Desending vasa recta - [substance] exits, - [substance] enters - Osmolarity [decreases or increases] Ascending vasa recta - [substance] enters, - [substance] exits - Osmolarity [decreases or increases] Both maintain gradient created by ascending loop of henle

Answer 73

Desending vasa recta - Water exits, - NaCl enters - Osmolarity increases Ascending vasa recta - Water enters, - NaCl exits - Osmolarity decreases Both maintain gradient created by ascending loop of henle

Question 74

Desending vasa recta - [substance] exits, - [substance] enters - Osmolarity [decreases or increases]

Answer 74

Desending vasa recta - Water exits, - NaCl enters - Osmolarity increases

Question 75

Ascending vasa recta - [substance] enters, - [substance] exits - Osmolarity [decreases or increases]

Answer 75

Ascending vasa recta - Water enters, - NaCl exits - Osmolarity decreases

Question 76

Blood flow in the [cortex or medulla] is low (sluggish) and less than [how much]% of the total renal blood flow. This flow speed helps prevent loss of solute to the vasa recta

Answer 76

Blood flow in the medulla is low (sluggish) and less than 5% of the total renal blood flow. This flow speed helps prevent loss of solute to the vasa recta

Question 77

NaCl, water, ions, everything! ix exchanged (both ways) by the [nephron capillaries] passively NaCl is exported to the interstitial fluid by the [descending or ascending] loop of Henle actively NaCl is imported from the interstitial fluid by the [descending or ascending] loop of Henle passively

Answer 77

NaCl, water, ions, everything! ix exchanged (both ways) by the vasa recta passively NaCl is exported to the interstitial fluid by the ascending loop of Henle actively NaCl is imported from the interstitial fluid by the descending loop of Henle passively

Question 78

The vasa recta maintain medullary tubule [hypo or hyper]osmolarity The ascending loop of Henle establish medullary tubule [hypo or hyper]osmolarity

Answer 78

The vasa recta maintain medullary tubule hyperosmolarity The ascending loop of Henle establish medullary tubule hyperosmolarity

Question 79

The osmolarity of blood as it leaves the vasa recta is slightly higher, meaning there is [more or less] [solutes or water] or [more or less] [solutes or water] in it

Answer 79

The osmolarity of blood as it leaves the vasa recta is slightly higher, meaning there is more solutes or less water in it

Question 80

[how much]% of urea is filtered meaning it is [...] [how much]% of filtered urea is excreted The recycling and trapping of urea in the intersitial space helps [establish or maintain] the high osmolarity in the medulla

Answer 80

100% of urea is filtered meaning it is freely filtered 15% of filtered urea is excreted The recycling and trapping of urea in the intersitial space helps maintain the high osmolarity in the medulla

Question 81

Vasopressin is the same thing as [hormone]

Answer 81

Vasopressin is the same thing as antidiuretic hormone