L34 Patho of CNS Disorders

Question 1

What 3 structures are part of the hindbrain?

Answer 1

medulla, pons, cerebellum

Question 2

What 4 structures are part of the forebrain?

Answer 2

Cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, diencephalon

Question 3

what 2 structures are part of the midbrain?

Answer 3

Substantia nigra is the main thing but its broken down into SN compacta and SN pars reticulata

Question 4

function of medulla

Answer 4

autonomic functions, respiration, cardiac function, vasomotor responses, reflexes

Question 5

function of pons

Answer 5

“bridge”
relays signals from forebrain to cerebellum

Question 6

function of cerebellum

Answer 6

“little brain”
governs motor coordination for smooth movements

Question 7

where does the cerebellum undergo neurodegeneration?

Answer 7

spinocerebellar ataxias

Question 8

3 functions of SN sars compacta

Answer 8

• provides input to basal ganglia
• supplies dopamine to striatum
• involved in voluntary motor control and some cognitive function

Question 9

SN pars reticulata function

Answer 9

has an output function, relays signals from the basal ganglia to the thalamus

Question 9

when does SN pars compacta undergo neurdegenration?

Answer 9

in parkinsons disease

Question 10

main thing to take away from SN?

Answer 10

dopamine to striatum
reticulata to thalamus

Question 11

function of cortex

Answer 11

processing and interpreting info

Question 12

basal ganglia function

Answer 12

voluntary motor control, some cognitive function

Question 13

limbic system components and functions

Answer 13

amygdala-> emotions
hippocampus-> memory

Question 14

wtf is the diencephalon

Answer 14

thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus: relay station to and from cortex
hypothalamus: homeostasis, emotions, hormonal control, direct neural regulation

Question 15

schizophrenia is a disease of the _______ _______

Answer 15

frontal cortex (duh its a lot of thinking and shit and complex)

Question 16

where are decisions made?

Answer 16

cortico-thalamus loops

Question 17

what can damage to the cortex affect?

Answer 17

movement, speech, personality

like my boy phineas gage

Question 18

Which of the following structures is directly involved in involuntary functions?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Thalamus
C. Medulla oblongata
D. A, B, and C
E. A and C

Answer 18

E. A and C, or hypothalamus and medulla oblongata

Question 19

know the medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, cerebellum, and cortex for the exam on a brain picture

Answer 19

thanks cole i’ll look into that

Question 20

what are the different types of glial cells?

Answer 20

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
Microglia

Question 21

3 roles of astrocytes

Answer 21

• provide neurons with growth factors and antioxidants
• remove excess glutamate
• support the BBB (bc they have access to blood vessels and shit)

Question 22

role of oligodendrocytes

Answer 22

produce myelin sheath that insulates exons

Question 23

3 roles of microglia

Answer 23

• “immune cells of the brain”
• provide growth factors
• clear debris by phagocytosis
• neuroinflammation

Question 24

the BBB is stabilized by _______ in the ______ cell layer of blood vessels in the brain

Answer 24

tight junctions endothelial

Question 25

what is a soma

Answer 25

neuron cell body

Question 26

Neurotransmission involves a release of synaptic vesicles from what into the what?

Answer 26

boutons (?) into the synaptic cleft

Question 27

neurotransmission is triggered by electrical _______ of the neuron. which is also an influx of ___ ions that change the polarity of the membrane

Answer 27

depolarization, Na+

Question 28

how long do action potentials last?

Answer 28

0.2-0.5 msec

Question 29

action potentials for a single neuron are always ___________

Answer 29

of the same magnitude (this is called the "all or none" response

Question 30

excitatory neurotransmitters do what to the membrane potential?

Answer 30

depolarize

Question 31

inhibitory neurotransmitters do what to the membrane potential?

Answer 31

polarize (i think)

Question 32

what is EPSP?

Answer 32

excitatory postsynaptic potential (subthreshold depolarization peak) (this was red on the slide)

Question 33

excitatory neurotransmitters act on what receptor in EPSPs? This allows for what to happen?

Answer 33

ionotropic, Na+ ions cross the membrane

Question 34

what is IPSP?

Answer 34

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Question 35

IPSP slide: Inhibitory neurotransmitter induces _________ by allowing ___ ions to cross the membrane

Answer 35

hyperpolarization, Cl-

Question 36

An IPSP can _______ the magnitude of a subsequent EPSP

Answer 36

decrease

Question 37

hey cole go review the figure on slide 20 of 31 in lecture 34 because that will be on the exam!

Answer 37

okay man thanks for looking out .... actually fucking do this dumbass

Question 38

how do drugs generally act in the CNS?

Answer 38

modulating synaptic neurotransmission

Question 39

what are the 3 common amino acid neurotransmitters

Answer 39

GABA glycine glutamate

Question 40

what are the 4 common non-amino acid neurotransmitters?

Answer 40

Ach dopamine (DA) norepinephrine serotonin/ 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

Question 41

major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 41

GABA

Question 42

how does GABA depress neuronal excitability

Answer 42

increasing flux of Cl- ions into the neuron

Question 43

Drugs that interact with GABA pathways are generally ___ ________

Answer 43

CNS depressants

Question 44

3 classes that are common as CNS depressants / interact with GABA pathways

Answer 44

- Sedative hypnotics (benzos/barbiturates) - anticonvulsants - anxiolytics

Question 45

Glycine and GABA relationship

Answer 45

glycine is similar to GABA, but acts in the spinal cord instead

Question 46

Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

Answer 46

glutamate

Question 47

excess glutamate can do what and how

Answer 47

cause neuronal damage by allowing excessive Ca2+ into the neuron

Question 48

metabotropic glutamate receptor

Answer 48

GPCRs

Question 49

ionotropic glutamate receptors

Answer 49

NMDA and AMPA

Question 50

excess amounts of glutamate can cause which two things

Answer 50

epilepsy and schizophrenia

Question 51

4 sections of brain that are more prominent/involved for Ach transmission

Answer 51

basal forebrain pons cortex basal ganglia

Question 52

Ach deals with what receptors?

Answer 52

muscarinic (M1-M5) and nicotinic receptors (in the periphery)

Question 53

3 things in the little box on Ach transmission slide that it affects

Answer 53

- cognitive function/decline - nicotine dependence - movement disorders

Question 54

examples of drugs targeting Ach transmission are ________ inhibitors, such as _______ that is used to treat alzheimers

Answer 54

cholinesterase, aricept

Question 55

what section of the brain is dopamine the most prominent in?

Answer 55

midbrain

Question 56

what type of receptors are D1-D5?

Answer 56

GPCRs

Question 57

DA neurons arise from where

Answer 57

the ventral tegmental area and the SN

Question 58

5 disease states most prevalent with dopamine

Answer 58

- schizophrenia - PD - addiction - depression - ADHD

Question 59

drugs that block DAT increase ___________ DA and can produce euphoria and lead to addiction. also what 2 drugs do this?

Answer 59

extracellular (excess dopamine just hanging around), also amphetamine and cocaine)

Question 60

excessive dopaminergic signaling may be involved in what

Answer 60

schizophrenia

Question 61

Loss of DA neurons in the SN is responsible for what

Answer 61

Parkinsons disease

Question 62

what drug class is D2 receptor antagonists?

Answer 62

Antipsychotics

Question 63

what disease state is treated with drugs that interact with D2/D3 and D1 (they're agonists)

Answer 63

parkinsons disease

Question 64

location in brain where Norepinephrine transmission is the most prominent

Answer 64

pons

Question 65

4 disease states/other things that aren't diseases affiliated with Norepinephrine transmission (okay only one of these is a "disease")

Answer 65

- memory - depression - addiction - pain

Question 66

drug targets for Norepinephrine

Answer 66

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors (GPCRs) and the Norepinephrine transporter (NET).

Question 67

NET inhibitors are used to treat what

Answer 67

depression

Question 68

part(s) of the brain most prominent for serotonin transmission

Answer 68

midbrain/pons

Question 69

5-HT axons arise from a group of cell bodies called _____

Answer 69

raphe (rah-fay) nuclei

Question 70

3 disease states/other shit affiliated with serotonin

Answer 70

- depression - mood disorders/ anxiety - schizophrenia

Question 71

5-HT2a antagonists treatment/drug class

Answer 71

atypical antipsychotics

Question 72

5-HT1D agonists treatment

Answer 72

migraine

Question 73

SERT uptake inhibitors treatment

Answer 73

depression

Question 74

5-HT2a agonists drug class

Answer 74

hallucinogenic (like acid)