Lab 1-6: Practical Exam Prep I Flashcards

Question

Distal

Answer 1

* Farther from the point of attachment * Example: the fingers are distal to the wrist

Answer 2

* Dorsal Body Cavity: can be subdivided into the cranial and vertebral cavities although they are continuous with each other * _Cranial Cavity_: contains the brain within the skull * _Vertebral Cavity_: contains the spinal cord within the vertebral column

Answer 3

* To carry away * Example: efferent neurons carry impulses ‘ away from the CNS

Answer 4

* Head * Greater trochanter * Patellar surface * Medial condyle * Lateral condyle

Answer 5

* Lateral malleolus

Answer 6

* Connective tissue membranes at the joints between infant cranial bones * Allows the cranial bones to shift during labor and deliver to help the head of the infant pass through the birth canal * Allows for rapid growth of the brain during the early years of development * _The anterior fontanel is typically ossified by age 2_

Answer 7

Opening or hole (pl. foramina)

Answer 8

Shallow depression

Answer 9

g/1000 = kg

Answer 10

g\*1000 = ml

Answer 11

Create a magnified image of objects too small to be seen with the eye alone

Answer 12

* Water adheres to the glass walls of a graduated cylinder, creating a curved appearance termed a meniscus. * Accurate volume measurements are taken at the bottom of the meniscus with your eye level parallel to the meniscus. * In the image, the measurement is 25 mL.

Answer 13

A spherical process at end of a long bone

Answer 14

The focus knobs move the stage up and down

Answer 15

* pH levels rapidly increase

Answer 16

* Head * Trochlea * Capitulum * Greater tubercle

Answer 17

* A solution with a higher concentration of nonpermeable solutes in comparison to another solution * Tends to cause a cell to shrivel or collapse as water exits the cell

Answer 18

* A solution with a lower concentration of nonpermeable solutes in comparison to another solution * Tends to cause a cell to swell or burst as water enters the cell

Answer 19

* Iliac crest

Answer 20

* Presence of fontanels

Answer 21

* Below or away from the head * Example: the chin is inferior to the mouth

Answer 22

* On the same side of the body * Example: all injuries were ipsilateral, on the right side

Answer 23

* Ischial Spine

Answer 24

* Is balanced so water enters and leaves cells at the same rate * Same concentration of nonpermeable solutes in comparison to another solution

Answer 25

* Farther from the midline of the body * The shoulder is lateral to the sternum

Answer 26

* Red blood cells whose membranes have burst

Answer 27

* Males: * More prominent brow ridges, occipital protuberances, and a thicker, wider mandible (sometimes U-shaped, as opposed to V-shaped)

Answer 28

Males: * Heart-shaped pelvic inlet * Anteriorly pointed sacrum

Answer 29

* **Addition & Subtraction** * Round to the same number of decimal places as the lowest in the calculation significant figures in the calculation * Example: 4.3 + 2.456 = _6.8_ (you must round to 1 decimal place) * **Multiplication & Division** * Round to the lowest number of significant digits in the calculation * Example: 4.3 x 2.456 = _11_ (you must round to 2 significant figures) * **Rounding Off Rules** * When rounding to the correct number of significant digits, use the following rules: * If the digit being rounded is 5 or greater, round up. Example: 4.56 rounds to 4.6 * If Less than 5, round down. Example: 4.54 rounds to _4.5_ * **Mean (Average)** * A data set is a collection of numbers * Example: 1.2, 4.6, 4.5 * The mean is the average value for a data set * Add all numbers and divide by the number of values in the data set * 1.2 + 4.6 + 4.5 = 10.3; 10.3/3 = _3.4_

Answer 30

Canal-like opening

Answer 31

Substance through which diffusion occurs, such as water and air.

Answer 32

* Closer to midline of the body * Example: the eye is medial to the ear

Answer 33

* Mass is measured in **grams** (g) * mg is 1000 times smaller than a gram * kg is 1000 times larger than a gram * Volume in **liters** (L) * mL is 1000 times smaller than a liter * Linear measurements in **meters** (m) * cm is 100 times smaller than a meter. * mm is 1000 times smaller than a meter

Answer 34

* **Magnification** is the apparent increase in image size. * **Resolution** is the ability to distinguish fine detail. * **Contrast** refers to the ability to distinguish objects, such as cells, from the background.

Answer 35

* An imaginary line down the center of the body dividing it into matching halves * The umbilicus is on the midline

Answer 36

ml/1000 = L

Answer 37

* 4 objective lenses to magnify the image: 4X, 10X, 40X, and 100X. * When focusing on a slide, start on the scanning, or low power, objective lens. * The lower the power objective, the greater the field of view. * The field of view is the amount of the slide you are able to see through the eyepiece.

Answer 38

* Pertaining to cavity linings * Example: the parietal layer of the pericardium is adjacent to the pericardial cavity

Answer 39

* Lab coat or apron * Gloves * Goggles or lab safety glasses * Closed toe and covered heel shoes * Long hair should be tied up to meet proper laboratory safety protocols

Answer 40

* pH stands for the power of potential of hydrogen and is a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution * The pH scale extends from 0-14 * 7 is neutral * Below 7 is acidic * Above 7 is basic (alkaline) * The lower the pH value, _the more hydrogen ions_ a solution has and the more acidic it is * Since the pH scale is logarithmic, a change of one whole number on the scale represents a 10-fold change in H+ concentration * For example, a solution with pH 4 is 10 times as acidic as one with a pH 5 and 100 times as acidic as one with pH 6.

Answer 41

Closer to the back of the body Example: the vertebral column is posterior to the heart

Answer 42

Projection or elevation on a surface

Answer 43

* Closer to the point of attachment * Example: the elbow is proximal to the hand

Answer 44

* Symphysis Pubis

Answer 45

* Head * Styloid Process

Answer 46

Diameter [mm] / Time [min] \* 60 [min] = Rate of Diffusion

Answer 47

* Salt is a crystalline compound that consists of sodium chloride (NaCl). * When salt is added to water, it breaks down into ions of sodium and chlorine. * Neither of them reacts with water, so salt will only change the volume of the water, not its pH. * In order for any type of salt to affect the pH, it has to react with water to release or bind the hydrogen atoms from the water.

Answer 48

* Spine * Supraspinous fossa * Infraspinous fossa * Acromion * Glenoid fossa * Coracoid process

Answer 49

1. **Introduction:** The general topics of the experiment are presented. * The introduction section of the lab report should answer the following questions: ·What was/were the topic/s of the laboratory? * What was the experimenter trying to study/discover in this laboratory? * What was the hypothesis? * What is currently known about the topic? 2. **Materials and Methods:** In this section, the materials that were used in the experiment are presented and the procedures (how the experiment was performed) are described in detail. A person reading the laboratory report should be able to replicate the study exactly using the information provided in this section. 3. **Results:** In this section, the data is presented as clearly as possible. Usually, this section includes tables, figures, and/or graphs. 4. **Discussion:** The discussion section of the laboratory report should explain the data from the results section with respect to supporting or refuting the experiment’s hypothesis. The discussion should also explain if the data supports what is currently known about the concept that was tested. If it does not, this is the section where you would identify possible errors in the experiment or suggestions for improvement if the experiment was replicated. 5. **Conclusion:** This section is used to summarize the information that was presented in the laboratory report. The conclusion should provide the reader with a “take home” message. Conclusions are usually brief, approximately two to three sentences.

Answer 50

1. **Observation:** Make observations regarding an environment, condition or situation. 2. **Gather Information:** Gather and analyze information about topics directly related to your observations. 3. **Propose a Hypothesis:** An hypothesis is an educated guess specifically developed to explain your observations. 4. **Test the Hypothesis:** Perform an experiment and collect data to test the hypothesis. 5. **Present and Analyze Results:** Results data can be presented in many formats, including tables, figures, and graphs. 6. **Conclusion**: Explain whether the data supports or rejects the hypothesis. The scientific method is cyclical, meaning that after a conclusion is reached, new questions are often asked.

Answer 51

* All zeros between non-zero numbers are significant. * Example: 1001 has 4 significant figures * All zeros to right of the decimal point AND at the end of the number are significant. * Example: 0.1100 has 4 significant figures * All zeros before a non-zero digit are NOT significant –they are placeholders only. * Example: 0.00034 has 2 significant figures * Zeros after a non-zero number with no decimal point are NOT significant. * Example: 5000 has 1 significant figure * Exact numbers have an unlimited number of significant digits. Exact numbers are counted numbers or ones that are created by definition. They have no uncertainty. * Examples: 10 heart beats, 12 inches in a foot

Answer 52

Cavity in a bone (bay or pocket)

Answer 53

The substance dissolved in a solution.

Answer 54

A solution is a mixture of two substances with one dissolved in the other.

Answer 55

The solvent is the substance that there is most of in a solution.

Answer 56

Pointed process

Answer 57

* Toward the surface of the body * Example: the skin is superficial to the rib cage

Answer 58

* Above or toward the head * Example: the nose is superior to the mouth, both are cranial

Answer 59

* To “tare a scale” means to set the electronic reading to zero before weighing an item * It allows you to tell the scale to ignore the weight of the container you are using to weigh something

Answer 60

* Calcaneus * Talus

Answer 61

* Medial malleolus

Answer 62

The ability of a solution to change the volume of a cell through osmosis.

Answer 63

* The overall enlargement of the image of a specimen. * To calculate total magnification, multiply the magnification of the ocular lens (10X) with the magnification of the objective lens.

Answer 64

Rough, large projection

Answer 65

* Head * Trochlear notch * Olecranon * Styloid process

Answer 66

* Ventral Body Cavity: is divided into superior and inferior sections by the diaphragm * **Thoracic Cavity**: contains the heart and lungs protected by the rib cage * _Pleural Cavity_: fluid-filled membrane-enclosed region that contains the lungs * _Pericardial Cavity_: fluid-filled membrane-enclosed region that contains the heart * **Abdominopelvic Cavity**: although there are no physical divisions between these sections, it is easier to refer to the abdominal cavity separately from the pelvic cavity * _Abdominal Cavity_: inferior to the diaphragm, the area contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and associated organs * _Pelvic Cavity_: region partially enclosed by the pelvic bones containing the reproductive organs, bladder and rectum

Answer 67

* Pertaining to organs (viscera) * Example: the visceral layer of the pericardium is adjacent to the heart

Answer 68

* Fast preparation * Requires no special equipment other than a transfer pipette, slide, and cover slip * Organisms may be viewed in their living state * Movement of motile microorganisms can be observed

Answer 69

Glenoid cavity

Answer 70

Lateral malleolus

Answer 71

Acetabulum

Answer 72

Because distilled water is hypotonic, the cells have burst and no longer block light passing through the liquid

Answer 73

Allows you to view the specimen. The distance between ocular lenses can be adjusted to fit between the eyes

Answer 74

Allows you to view the specimen in greater detail. Scanning objective is 4x, low power is 10x, high power is largest is 40x

Answer 75

Allows you to locate the specimen (locate the focus plane) by seeing a “rough” view. Adjusts stage to the highest level to be closest to the specimen.

Answer 76

Fine tune your focus on the specimen

Answer 77

The mechanical stage is where you place your slide. The stage clips hold the slide in place.

Answer 78

Control amount of light that reaches the specimen

Answer 79

Allows light to pass through the slide so that it can be seen using the eyepiece

Answer 80

It supports the head of the microscope and connects it to the base. It is also used to transport the microscope safely (with one hand on the microscope’s base during transport)

Answer 81

* g to ml * g\*1000 = ml * g to kg * g/1000 = kg * ml to L * ml/1000 = L * cm to mm * cm\*10 = mm