Unit 3: Ch 9 (Joints) Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
General anatomy of synovial joints
A
- 2 structures
- Articular disc
- Meniscus
- Accessory structures
- Tendon: dense irreg tissue
- Ligament: dense irreg tissue that bring 2 bones together in only 1 plane
- Bursa: fluid-filled sacs on larger structures (like knee) that reduce friction
- Tendon sheath: fluid-filled sacs on smaller structures (like fingers) that reduce friction
2
Q
4 major joint categories
A
- Bony
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial joints
3
Q
Abduction, hyperabduction, adduction, & hyperabduction
A
-
Abduction
- Movement of a part in the frontal plane away from the midline
-
Hyperabduction
- Over or behind; an extreme abduction
-
Adduction
- Movement of a part in the frontal plane back toward the midline
-
Hyperadduction
- An extreme adduction
- i.e. crossing fingers and ankles
4
Q
A
5
Q
Arth-
A
Joint
6
Q
Arthrology
A
The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction
7
Q
Articulation
A
- A skeletal joint
- Any point at which two bones meet
- May or may not be moveable
8
Q
Ball-and-socket joints
- Description
- Movement
- Axis rotation
- Examples
A
-
Description
- Ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone
- In all 3 planes
- Most freely movable joints
- Movement: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation
- Axis rotation: the only multiaxial joints in the body
-
Examples
- Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
- Coxal (hip) joint
9
Q
Bony joints
- AKA
- Description
- Mobility
- Examples
A
- AKA: Synostosis joints
-
Description
- Multiple bones fused into one
- Immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become a single bone
- Mobility: Synarthrotic
-
Examples
- Ilium, ischium, and pubis create a single hip bone
- Epiphyses and diaphyses of the long bones
10
Q
Cartilaginous Joints
- AKA
- Description
- Types & examples
A
- AKA: Amphiarthrodial joint
-
Description
- Bones united by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
- No synovial cavity present
-
Types
-
Synchondroses
- __connected by hyaline cartilage
- moveability: synarthrosis
- ie joint between diaphysis and epiphysis
-
Symphyses
- connected by fibrocartilage
- moveability: amphiarthrosis
- ie pubic symphasis and joints between vertebral bodies
-
Synchondroses
11
Q
Circumduction
A
- Joint movement where one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion
- Sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction movements
12
Q
A
Circumduction
13
Q
Classification by degree of movement
A
- Synarthrosis: immovable
- Amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable
- Diarthrosis: freely moveable
14
Q
Classification by type of tissue
A
- Bony: bones that are typically fused into one bone
- Fibrous: bones connected to fibrous tissue
- Cartilaginous: bones connected by cartilage
- Synovial: articulating surfaces enclosed within fluid-filled joint capsule
15
Q
Condylar joints
- AKA
- Description
- Movement
- Axis rotation
- Examples
A
- AKA: Ellipsoid joints
- Description: convex surface which articulates with a concave elliptical cavity
- Movement: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, & cirumduction
- Axis rotation: biaxial
-
Examples
- Radiocarpal joint of wrist
- Humerus
- Femur
- Glenoid cavity
- Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints of fingers
16
Q
Diarthrosis joints
- Movement type
- Axes of motion & corresponding joint names
A
- Freely moveable joints
- 3 categories based on the number of axes of motion
-
Multiaxial
- Ball-and-socket
-
Monaxial
- Pivot
- Hinge
-
Biaxial
- Plane
- Saddle
- Condylar
-
Multiaxial
- Note: All synovial joints are diarthrotic and have joint cavities
17
Q
A
18
Q
Fibrous Joints
- AKA
- Description
- Mobility
- Categories & examples
A
- AKA: Synarthrosis
-
Description
- connected by dense irregular connective tissue that is in collagen fibers
-
Categories
-
Sutures
- mobility: synarthrotic (limited movement until about 20 YOA, then immovable)
- found between flat, plate-like bones of the skull (except for mandible)
- short fibers
- Example: fontanelle
-
Gomphoses
- mobility: synarthrotic
- found where the teeth articulate with their sockets in the maxilla or the mandible
- peg in socket
- Example: tooth
-
Syndesmoses
- mobility: amphiarthrotic
- fibrous joint in which two parallel bones are united to each other by fibrous connective tissue/interosseous membrane
- gap between the bones may be joined by ligaments or filled in by interosseous membrane
- long fibers
- Example: the interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna
-
Sutures
19
Q
A
20
Q
A
21
Q
Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension
A
- Flexion: decreases joint angle
- Extension: straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position. Increases joint angle
- Hyperextension: Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position
22
Q
A
23
Q
Hinge joints
- Description
- Movement
- Axis rotation
- Examples
A
-
Description
- Movement in one plane, with little movement in any other, like a door hinge
- Movement: flexion/extension
- Axis rotation: monaxial joint
-
Example
- elbow
- ankle
- knee
- interphalangeal joints (fingers/toes)
24
Q
How are joints classified?
- Anatomical
- Physiological
A
- Anatomical
- Presence of a joint cavity
- Type of connective tissue(s) present
- Physiological
- Amount of movement able to occur at the joint
25
In general, how are joints named?
* By combining the names of the two bones or prominences in contact with one another
* Example: Tibiofemoral joint
26
Kinesiology
The study of musculoskeletal movement
27
Movement vocabulary of synovial joints
* Movement vocabulary spans medical fields
* Many terms are presented in pairs with opposite or contrasting meanings
* Zero position
* Joint movements are described as deviating from the zero position or returning to it
28
29
Pivot joints
* Movement
* Axis rotation
* Examples
* **Movement**: allows for _rotation_ movement only
* **Axis rotation:** monaxial joint
* **Examples**
* Radioulnar joints
* Atlantoaxial joint between the first two vertebrae
30
Plane joints
* Description
* Movement
* Axis rotation
* Examples
* **Description**
* Permit gliding and sliding movements
* Bone surfaces are flat or slightly concave and convex
* Movements occur in a single plane
* **Movement:** inversion/eversion of foot, or flexion/extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column
* **Axis rotation:** biaxial
* **Examples**
* Between the carpal/tarsal bones
* Articular processes of the vertebrae
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Protraction & Retraction
* Protraction
* The anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane
* Retraction
* Posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane
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Rotation description & types
* Movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis (ie rotation of trunk, thigh, head, or arm)
* _Medial (internal)_: turns the _anterior_ portion of the bone _inward_
* _Lateral (external)_: turns the _anterior_ portion of the bone _outward_
35
Saddle joints
* Description
* Movement
* Axis rotation
* Examples
* **Description**: Characterised by opposing articular surfaces with a reciprocal concave-convex shape
* **Movement:** flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction
* **Axis rotation:** biaxial joint
* **Examples**
* carpometacarpal joints
* trapeziometacarpal
* sternoclavicular joint
36
Special movement of the thumb
* 2 terms unique to the thumb
* _Reposition_
* Return to zero position
* _Opposition_
* Move the thumb to approach or touch the tip of any of the other 4 fingers
37
Special movements of the foot
* **Dorsiflexion**
* Elevation of toes as you do while swinging foot forward to take a step
* **Plantar flexion**
* Extension of foot so that toes point downward as in standing on tiptoe (toe-off)
* **Inversion**
* Movement in which the soles are turned medially
* **Eversion**
* Movement in which the soles are turned laterally
38
Supination & Pronation
* Primarily forearm movements (also in foot/ankle)
* _Supination_
* Forearm movement that turns palm to face anteriorly or upward
* Forearm supinated in anatomical position
* Radius is parallel to the ulna
* _Supinator_: type of movement you would make to turn a doorknob clockwise or to drive a screw into a piece of wood
* _Pronation_
* Forearm movement that turns palm to face either posteriorly or downward
* Radius crosses stationary ulnar like an X
* Notes
* As an aid to remembering these terms...
* You are prone to stand in the most comfortable position, which is with the forearm pronated. But if you were holding a bowl of soup in your palm, you would need to supinate the forearm to keep from spilling it
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40
Types of sutures
* **Serrate:** appear as wavy lines along which the adjoining bones interlock
* **Lap (squamous):** occur where 2 bones have overlapping beveled edges, like a miter joint
* **Plane (butt):** occur where 2 bones have straight nonoverlapping edges
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Synarthrosis
* Immobile joint
* Examples
* Sutures
* Epiphyseal growth plate
43
Synovial fluid
* Nourishes articular cartilage and removes waste
* Rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid
* Reduces friction
44
Synovial joints
* Description
* Classifications
* Movement
* Tissues present
* **AKA**: diarthrosis joints
* **Description**
* A connection between two bones consisting of a cartilage lined cavity filled with synovial fluid
* Only joint with a _joint cavity_
* **Functional classifications**
1. Ball-and-socket
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Plane
5. Condylar
6. Saddle
* **Movement:** all synovial joints are _diarthrosis_
* **Connective tissues present**
* Dense irregular
* Dense regular (ligaments)
* Hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)
* Notes
* Type most likely to develop uncomfortable and crippling dysfunctions. They're mobility is important to the quality of life
* Most structurally complex and diverse type of joint
* Inner cellular membrane called the _synovial membrane_
* Flexible, movable, can slide over one another, and rotatable
45
What is the study of musculoskeletal movement?
Kinesiology
46
Review of appendicular/axial location of bones
