Unit 1: Ch 2 (Chemistry) Flashcards

Question

Chemical Reaction * Description * Types of reactions

Answer 1

* Description * A process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken * Symbolized by a chemical equation that typically shows the reactants on the left, the products on the right, and an arrow pointing from the reactants to the products * Types * Decomposition * Synthesis * Exchange reactions

Answer 2

The study of matter

Answer 3

* Structure * 17 carbons * 4 ring structure * Function * A precursor to other steroids * An important component of cell membranes and is required for proper nervous system functions * Notes * Only about 15% of our cholesterol comes from the diet; the other 85% is internally synthesized, primarily by the liver * Humans only obtain dietary cholesterol from foods of animal origin

Answer 4

An _organic_ component working with an enzyme

Answer 5

An _inorganic_ chemistry component working with an enzyme

Answer 6

* Not a uniform mixture * Size: Particles range from 1-100 nm * Appearance: Often cloudy * Will particles settle? No * Will particles pass through membrane? No * Examples: * Proteins in blood * Milk protein * Gelatin

Answer 7

Two or more _different_ atoms coming together

Answer 8

Describes the shape of a protein

Answer 9

* Formed when carbohydrates attach to other molecules * Examples: * _Glycoprotein_: Component of the cell surface coat and mucus * _Glycolipid_: Component of the cell surface coat * _Proteoglycan_: Cell adhesion, lubrication, supportive filler for some tissues and organs

Answer 10

Have a non-amino acid moiety called a prothetic group covalently bound to them

Answer 11

* Form when atoms share one to three pairs of electrons * The most common type of bond found in nature * Covalent bonds can be single, double, or triple * Two types of covalent bonds: * polar * nonpolar

Answer 12

Nucleotide formed by the removal of both the second and third phosphate groups from ATP. Acts as a "second messenger" to activate metabolic effects within the cell.

Answer 13

Where a large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones. AB → A + B

Answer 14

* When monomers join to create polymers of organic molecules * Hydrogen is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group (-OH) is removed from another monomer, forming water

Answer 15

* What the shape of a protein (conformation) is unfolded * Its shape and properties change, and it results in a non-functioning protein * Proteins can be denatured by exposing them to pH changes (acids or bases) or by exposing them to extreme temperatures (either hot or cold) * Example: Frying an egg. Egg white starts out as clear and liquid, the extreme heat changes the egg white to opaque and a rigid texture

Answer 16

* Maltose: Glucose + Glucose * Found in grain plants like wheat & barley and products like beer & malted milk which are made from grains * Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose * Found in plants especially sugar cane & sugar beets. Sucrose is known as "table sugar" and is used to sweeten foods and beverages * Lactose: Glucose + Galactose * Found in milk of mammals. Lactose is known as milk sugar

Answer 17

* Description * Constitutes genes * Functions as the hereditary material of all living things * Double-stranded helix * Its monosaccharide is _deoxyribose_

Answer 18

* Structure * 20-carbons * Derived from arachidonic acid (a fatty acid) * Includes prostaglandins and leukotrienes * Function * Hormone-like chemical signals between cells * Signaling roles in inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contractions...

Answer 19

* Ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity * Important for their chemical reactivity and electrical effects * Imbalance has effects ranging from muscle crams and brittle bones to cardiac arrest

Answer 20

The kinetic energy of moving "packets" of radiation, called photons

Answer 21

* Electrons are located in electron shells that surround an atom * # of electron shells an atom has depends on the total number of electrons * Indicates the average location of electrons * Each shell holds a limited number of electrons: * Shell 1 holds 2 electrons * Shell 2 holds 8 electrons * Shell 3 holds 8 electrons * Shell 4 holds 8 electrons

Answer 22

* An atom's force of attraction to gain an electron. * Highly electronegative atoms only need 1 electron to maintain a full valence shell. * The exception to this is Hydrogen and Helium because they require a maximum of 2 electrons in the first shell. * If atoms bonded together have the same electronegativity, the shared electrons will be equally shared and will become anions.

Answer 23

* Determines the chemical properties of an atom * Found on the periphery, or on the side of an atomic structure * Electron shell, which is a more specific way to determine where an electron is housed; or * Electron cloud, which is a more general way of showing where an electron is * Carry a single negative charge * Notated with a lowercase “e”

Answer 24

The tendency of an atom to donate electrons and form positively charged cations

Answer 25

The simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

Answer 26

The suspension of one liquid in another, such as oil-and-vinegar salad dressing

Answer 27

* A reaction in which energy is absorbed * This means that the net change in free energy is positive * There is more energy in the system at the end of the reaction than at the beginning of it

Answer 28

Capacity to do work

Answer 29

* Enzymes are proteins that decrease the amount of activation energy required in a reaction * Not consumed in a chemical reaction * Enzyme suffixes end in ***_- ase_***

Answer 30

* **Essential**: Body cannot produce it, essential that they are consumed in diet * **Non-Essential**: If not in diet, the body can produce it

Answer 31

When two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms. AB + CD → AC + BD

Answer 32

* A reaction that releases free energy * Products have less total free energy than the reactants did * The change in free energy is _negative_ * Can occur spontaneously, without being forced by outside factors * Examples: Oxidation, Decomposition, Catabolism

Answer 33

* Lipid function * Involved in a variety of functions including blood clotting, wound healing, vision, and calcium absorption

Answer 34

* Components * _Carboxyl_ group (-COOH) at one end * _Methyl_ group (-CH3) at other end * Structure * Chain of approx 4 - 24 carbon atoms * Types * Saturated * Unsaturated * Lipid function * Precursor of triglycerides * Source of energy

Answer 35

* The potential energy available in a system to do useful work. * Example: Energy stored in the chemical bonds or organic materials

Answer 36

Unstable, highly reactive chemical particles with an odd number of electrons.

Answer 37

A specific combination of bonded atoms that always has the same chemical properties and therefore always reacts in the same way

Answer 38

1. Amino 2. Carboxyl 3. Hydroxyl 4. Methyl 5. Phosphate

Answer 39

Nucleotides involved in energy transfers

Answer 40

* The kinetic energy of molecular motion * The temperature of a substance is a measure of rate of this motion, and adding heat to a substance increases molecular motion

Answer 41

* Attracted to an _electronegative_ atom * Form a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen in another * Do not form molecules but stabilize the three-dimensional shape of molecules * Makes water cohesive and adhesive * Notated by dotted or broken lines between atoms

Answer 42

* Degrades polymers * Occurs when the monomers in a polymer separate during a hydrolysis reaction (addition of H₂O) * The polymer is broken into two components: one part gains a hydrogen atom (H⁺) and the other gains a hydroxyl molecule (OH^–) from a split water molecule

Answer 43

* Symbol: -OH * Bonds: Single covalent bond * Occurs in: Sugars, alcohol

Answer 44

An enzyme will be fit to or moved with a substrate to allow for a chemical reaction to occur

Answer 45

* The attraction of a cation to an anion creates an ion * One atom must give up or take on an electron

Answer 46

* Charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons * _Ions_: form because elements with 1-3 valence electrons tend to give them up, and those with 4-7 electrons tend to gain more * _Ionization_: If an atom of the first kind is exposed to an atom of the second, electrons may transfer from one to the other and turn both of them into ions

Answer 47

Two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula (shape/weights)

Answer 48

Two or more elements that are chemically similar (same number of protons), but have different weights (number of neutrons)

Answer 49

Energy of motion, energy that is doing work.

Answer 50

Energy is not created or destroyed, it is redistributed

Answer 51

* Chlorine (Cl) * Iron (Fe) * Magnesium (Mg) * Potassium (K) * Sodium (Na) * Sulfur (S)

Answer 52

* Description * Have a full valence shell/octet * Hydrophobic/nonpolar bonds * Structure * C, H, O (P in phospholipids) * Greater than 2:1 ratio of H to O * Classifications * Saturated * Unsaturated * Polyunsaturated * Oils & Fats * Non-essential fatty acids * Essential fatty acids * Primary Types * Fatty acids * Triglycerides * Phospholipids * Eicosanoids * Steroids

Answer 53

* Carbon (C) * Calcium (Ca) * Hydrogen (H) * Nitrogen (N) * Oxygen (O) * Phosphorus (P)

Answer 54

Anything that takes up physical space and has mass

Answer 55

* Symbol: -CH3 * Bonds: Single covalent bonds * Occurs in: * **S**teroids * **O**ils * **A**mino acids * **F**ats

Answer 56

* Used to express electrolyte concentrations * It takes into account the millimolar concentration of a solute and the electrical charge on its particles

Answer 57

* Organelles that produce ATP, the main energy molecule used by a cell * Sometimes referred to as "the powerhouse of the cell"

Answer 58

* Formation of a new cell * How multi-celled organisms grow larger & repair damaged tissues * A process by which a cell segregates its duplicated DNA, ultimately dividing its nucleus into two

Answer 59

* Consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined * Each substance retains its own chemical properties

Answer 60

* The number of moles of solute per liter of solution * This not only reflects the weight of the solute in the solution, but the number of molecules per volume, so molarity is often the most meaningful measure of concentration

Answer 61

One mole of a chemical is the number of grams equal to its molecular weight

Answer 62

The sum of the atomic weights of an atom

Answer 63

Two or more of the same atoms united by a chemical bond

Answer 64

* Monomers vs Polymers: * A single molecule vs many molecules * Smaller molecular weight vs larger * Lower boiling point vs higher * Less mechanical strength vs more * They also have different chemical and physical properties. Example: * Glucose (monomer) is an oxidizing sugar, soluble in water, that has a sweet taste. Starch (polymer) of glucose is a non-oxidizing sugar, partially soluble in water, and doesn’t have a sweet taste

Answer 65

* **Glucose** * Blood sugar * The energy source for most cells * **Galactose** * Converted to glucose and metabolized * **Fructose** * Fruit sugar * Converted to glucose and metabolized * **Ribose** * **Deoxyribose**

Answer 66

* Does not carry a charge * Affect the atomic mass and radioactive properties of atoms * Notated with a lowercase “n”

Answer 67

* Monomers: Nucleotides * Polymers: DNA & RNA * Elements: C, H, O, N, P * Bonds: Polar covalent

Answer 68

1. Monosaccharide 2. Nitrogen base 3. Phosphorus group

Answer 69

* Components * Nitrogenous base * Sugar * 1+ Phosphate group * Types (Difference is in the nitrogen base) * Adenine (A) * Guanine (G) * Cytosine (C) * Thymine (T): found only in DNA * Uracil (U): found only in RNA

Answer 70

* Different weights in the molecules * Different bonds present * Organic: Dbl/triple covalent, polar/nonpolar, hydrogen * Inorganic: Ionic, single covalent * Examples * Organic: Proteins, carbohydrates * Inorganic: Salts

Answer 71

* The study of carbon * Focuses on macromolecules that are important for homeostasis * Carbon can form 4 single covalent bonds which allow many large structures to form

Answer 72

1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Nucleic acids 4. Proteins

Answer 73

Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy. An exergonic reaction in which electrons are removed from a reactant. Electrons may be removed one or two at a time and may be removed in the form of hydrogen atoms.

Answer 74

* Peptide (1) * Dipeptides (2) * Tripeptides (3) * Oligopeptides (3 - 50) * Polypeptides (Many) * Proteins

Answer 75

* Weight of solute as a percentage of solution volume; or the volume of a liquid as a percentage of total solution volume

Answer 76

* Blueprint for all chemistry * Symbols represent an element * All elements contain their own protons, neutrons, weight, electrons, etc. * Inherent organization to the table. Atomic number (protons) increase from left to right and top to bottom

Answer 77

* Scale of 1 - 14 * A solution with a pH of 7.0 is neutral, solutions with pH below 7 are acidic, and solutions with pH above 7 are basic * The lower the pH value, the more hydrogen ions a solution has and the more acidic it is * A change of one whole number on the scale represents a 10-fold change in H+ concentration * Power or potential of hydrogen (pH)

Answer 78

* Symbol: -H₂PO₄ * Bonds: * Single & double covalent bonds, * Where P and O form by a double covalent bond * Occurs in: Nucleic acids, ATP

Answer 79

* Elements: C, H, O, P * Structure: _Amphipathic_ * Together, they form a shape like a clothespin * 1 phosphate "head" is hydrophilic * 2 fatty acid "tails" are hydrophobic * Function * Structural foundation of cell membranes

Answer 80

* Polar covalent bonds form when there is unequal sharing of electrons. * Results in the formation of an Electropositive ion that has partial + charge and an Electronegative ion that has partial – charge * Hydrophilic; dissolves in water * Nonpolar covalent bonds form when there is equal sharing of electrons * It is the strongest of all bonds * Hydrophobic

Answer 81

A polymer is a macromolecule consisting of repeating units that represent the monomers, while monomers are building blocks of polymers.

Answer 82

* Cellulose * Structural polysaccharide of plants * Dietary fiber (unable to digest) * Starch * Energy storage in plant cells * Energy source in the human diet * Glycogen * Energy storage in animal cells (liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina)

Answer 83

* Multiple double covalent C bonds * Most can be synthesized by the human body, but a few called essential fatty acids must be obtained from the dyes because humans cannot synthesize them

Answer 84

The energy that is contained in an object because of its position or internal state, but that is not doing work at the time.

Answer 85

Sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Answer 86

* Monomer: Amino Acids * Polymer: Polypeptides * Elements: C, H, O, N (some have S) * Structure Types: * Primary Structure * Secondary Structure * Tertiary Structure * Quaternary Structure * Function * Act as the thread that allows for cell cohesion which allows for a tissue to be formed * Structure: Keratin, collagen * Communication: Hormones and other cell-to-cell communications * Membrane transport: Form channels in cell membranes * Catalysis: Enzymes * Recognition and protection: Glycoproteins * Movement: Molecular motors * Cell adhesion: Bind cells together

Answer 87

* Proteoglycans are macromolecules in which the carbohydrate component is dominant and a peptide or protein forms a smaller component * Create gels that hold cells and tissues together, form a gelatinous filler, etc

Answer 88

* A subatomic particle that has a single positive charge * Guide the atomic number, which gives the periodic table its organization * Notated with a lowercase “p”

Answer 89

* Association of 2+ polypeptide chains (subunits) with each other * Example: Hemoglobin (found in the blood) is an iron-containing protein that binds oxygen molecules. It contains four subunits: two alpha subunits and two beta subunits

Answer 90

* Emit radiation * The process of decay is called radioactivity

Answer 91

* The amount of time it will take for a reaction to occur * Variables: * Concentration * Temperature * Catalysts (inorganic) * Enzymes (organic)

Answer 92

An endergonic reaction in which electrons are donated to a reactant.

Answer 93

* Can go in either direction under different circumstances. * They follow the law of mass action: They proceed from the reactants in greater quantity to the substances with the lesser quantity. * They exist in a state of equilibrium, in which the ratio of products to reactants is stable. * CO₂ + H₂O ⇔ H₂CO₃ ⇔ HCO₃ + H

Answer 94

* Description * Converts the genetic code from DNA into proteins to carry out cellular functions * Synthesizes proteins * Messenger RNA * Polymer of nucleic acid * Its monosaccharide is ribose * Single-stranded * Components * 5 carbon backbone * Phosphate group * Nitrogen base

Answer 95

Require the dissociation of an anion and a cation

Answer 96

* Has as much hydrogen as it can carry without exceeding 4 covalent bonds per carbon * It is "saturated" with hydrogen

Answer 97

* Formed by hydrogen bonds * It is the coiling or folding of a polypeptide chain that gives the protein its _3-D shape_ * _Alpha (α) helix_: Resembles a coiled spring and is secured by hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide chain * _Beta (β) pleated sheet:_ Appears to be folded or pleated and is held together by hydrogen bonding between polypeptide units of the folded chain that lie adjacent to one another

Answer 98

* Has two parts, is a solute and a solvent * Size: \< 1 nm * Appearance: Clear * Will particles settle? No * Will particles pass through membrane? Yes * Examples: * Glucose in blood * O₂ in water * Saline

Answer 99

* Elements: C, H, O * Structure * A lipid with 17 of its C atoms arranged in 4 rings * Each ring differs by the arrangement of the atoms and the type of functional groups attached to them * Function * Cholesterol is the "parent" steroid from which the other steroids are synthesized * Others include cortisol, progesterone, estrogens, testosterone, and bile acids * These differ from each other in the location of double covalent C bonds within the rings and in the functional groups attached to the rings Key Points: * Steroids are lipids because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water, but they do not resemble lipids since they have a structure composed of four fused rings. * Cholesterol is the most common steroid and is the precursor to vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, and bile salts. * Cholesterol is a component of the phospholipid bilayer and plays a role in the structure and function of membranes. * Steroids are found in the brain and alter electrical activity in the brain. * Because they can tone down receptors that communicate messages from neurotransmitters, steroids are often used in anesthetic medicines

Answer 100

The actual substance an enzyme is going to convert from a reactant to a product

Answer 101

* Able to settle; separates by molecular weight * Size: \> 100 nm * Appearance: Cloudy-Opaque * Will particles settle? Yes * Will particles pass through membrane? No * Examples: * Blood cells * Cornstarch in water * Fats in blood

Answer 102

* Where two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one * A + B → AB

Answer 103

* Folding and coiling due to interactions among R groups and surrounding water

Answer 104

* Chromium (Cr) * Cobalt (Co) * Copper (Cu) * Fluorine (F) * Iodine (I) * Manganese (Mn) * Molybdenum (Mo) * Selenium (Se) * Silicon (Si) * Tin (Sn) * Vanadium (V) * Zinc (Zn)

Answer 105

* **Trans**: Opposite side of a double bond; results in a structure with a small dent * **Cis**: Same side of a double covalent bond; results in a structure with a large dent (like a V). Preferred because they're harder to accumulate in large populations

Answer 106

* Structure * Glycerol (3-carbon alcohol) linked to 3 fatty acids * Each bond between a fatty acid and glycerol is formed by dehydration synthesis * Lipids are liquid at room temperature (oils) * Aka triacylglycerols & neutral fats * Lipid function * Energy storage * Thermal insulation * Filling space * Binding organs together * Cushioning organs

Answer 107

* Some carbon atoms are joined by double covalent bonds * Each could potentially share one pair of electrons with another H atom instead of the adjacent carbon, so H could be added to this molecule

Answer 108

* The outermost shell of an atom * Determines the bonding properties of an atom * Chemically active atoms will bond with other elements because their valence shell is not filled * Chemically inactive elements will not bond with other elements because their valence shell is filled

Answer 109

* Important in protein folding, the binding of proteins to each other and to other molecules * They are weak, brief attractions between neutral atoms * When electrons orbit a nucleus, they don't maintain a uniform distribution but show random fluctuations in density * If the electrons briefly crowd toward one side of an atom, they render that side slightly negative and the other side slightly positive for a moment. If another atom is close enough, the second atom responds with disturbances in its own electron cloud. * Oppositely charged regions of the two atoms then attract each other for a very brief moment

Answer 110

* Hydrogen atoms are joined by polar covalent bonds * Universal solvent * Qualities supporting life: * Solvency * Lubricant * Thermal stability * Chemical reactivity

Answer 111

Weight of a solute in a given volume of solution

Unit 1: Ch 2 (Chemistry) Flashcards

(137 cards)