BIO 150 A&P I > Labs 7-11: Practical Exam 2 > Flashcards

Labs 7-11: Practical Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

VI

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Abducens n.
  • Motor
    • Allows eye to be abducted; eye movement (lateral vision)
    • Sense body position
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2
Q

XI

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Accessory n.
  • Motor
    • Head, neck, and shoulders
    • Innervation to 2 muscles
      • Sternocleidomastoid
      • Trapezius
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3
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A

Adductor longus

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Adductor longus

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Adductor magnus

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6
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Adductor magnus

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7
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Arbor vitae

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8
Q

Astigmatism

A

Blurred vision caused by irregular shaped cornea or lens

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9
Q

Audiometer

A

Instrument to measure hearing

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10
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A

Auditory tube

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Auditory tube

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12
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Auditory tube

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13
Q

Autonomic reflex pathways

A
  • Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands
  • Generally not consciously aware of the reflex
  • Examples: digestion, sweating, hormone release, dilation/contraction of blood vessels
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14
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A

Biceps brachii

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15
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A

Biceps brachii (anterior)

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16
Q
A

biceps femoris

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17
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A

Biceps femoris (2)

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18
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A

Biceps femoris

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19
Q

Biceps jerk reflex

A
  • Used to evaluate the function of level C5 and C6 spinal nerves
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20
Q

Blindspot

A
  • Created by the optic disc
  • Occur because there are no visual receptor cells at the point where the optic nerve connects with the retina
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21
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Brachialis

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22
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Brachialis (anterior)

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23
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Brachioradialis

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24
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Brachioradialis (anterior)

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Brain stem
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Calcaneal (Achilles or Ankle Jerk) reflex
* Evaluates the S1 and S2 levels of the spinal cord
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Cardiac muscle
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Cardiac muscle
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Cerebellum
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Cerebral aqueduct
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Cerebrospinal fluid
The fluid in and around the brain and spinal cord
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Cerebrum
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Chemoreception
Detection of chemical stimuli, perceived as smell and taste
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Choroid
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Choroid
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Choroid
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Ciliary body
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Cochlea
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Cochlea
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Color deficiency (aka color blindness)
* Decreased ability to perceive some colors in ambient light * In the retina, the color receptors are 3 cones that detect _red, blue_, & _green_ light * The most common type causes difficulty in distinguishing yellow, red, and green from each other; known as _red-green color blindness_
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Cornea
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Corpus callosum
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Cranial nerves * Motor * Sensory * Mixed
* Motor * III (Oculomotor) * IV (Trochlear) * VI (Abducens) * XI (Accessory) * XII (Hypoglossal) * Sensory * I (Olfactory) * II (Optic) * VIII (Vestibulocochlear) * Mixed * V (Trigeminal) * VII (Facial) * IX (Glossopharyngeal) * X (Vagus)
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Deltoid (anterior)
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Diencephalon
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Electromyography (EMG)
* Records the voltage produced by skeletal muscle contraction and active motor units in a muscle
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Extensor carpi radialis brevis (posterior)
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Extensor carpi radialis longus (posterior)
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Extensor carpi ulnaris (posterior)
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Extensor digiti minimi (posterior)
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Extensor digitorum (posterior)
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Extensor indicis (posterior)
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Extensor pollicis brevis (posterior)
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Extensor pollicis longus (posterior)
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Extensors
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External abdominal oblique
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External abdominal oblique
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External auditory meatus
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External auditory meatus
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External intercostals
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External intercostals (anterior)
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Extrinsic eye muscles
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Extrinsic eye muscles
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VII * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Facial n. * Mixed * Motor * Facial expression, lacrimation, mucous secretion, salivation, taste * Facial muscles * Secretion from salivary, tear, nasal, & palatine glands * Sensory * Taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue * Hearing, general sensation in inner ear
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Flexor carpi radialis (anterior)
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Flexor digitorum profundus (anterior)
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Flexor digitorum superficialis (anterior)
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Flexor pollicis longus (anterior)
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Flexors
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Muscle fatigue
Force decreases over time as the number of motor units decreases
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Fourth ventricle
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Frequency
* Pitch * Measured in hertz
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Frontal lobe
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Gastrocnemius
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Gastrocnemius
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General senses
* Receptors dispersed throughout the skin, organs, muscles, and joints * Some include: * Pain * Pressure * Stretch * Temperature * Touch * Vibration
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Glenohumeral joint
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IX * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Glossopharyngeal n. * Mixed * Motor * Salivation * Swallowing * Taste * Sensory * Sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue * Reflexes of BP & respiration * Inner ear, upper pharynx
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Gluteus maximus
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Gluteus maximus
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Gluteus medius
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Gluteus medius
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Gracilis
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Gracilis
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Gustation
Sense of taste
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Gyrus
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Humeroulnar joint
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XII * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Hypoglossal n. * Motor * Tongue movements for speech, food manipulation, & swallowing
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Incus
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Incus
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Intensity
Loudness, decibels
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Internal abdominal oblique
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Internal abdominal oblique
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Internal intercostals
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Internal intercostals (anterior)
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Iris
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Iris
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Latissimus dorsi
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Latissimus dorsi
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Lens
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Lens
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Linea alba
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Linea alba
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Longitudinal fissure
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Macula
* Area of sharpest vision (greatest visual acuity) * Critical to central vision * Largest concentration of cones
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Malleus
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Masseter (lateral)
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Medulla oblongata
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Meninges
* Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord * Layers * _Pia mater_: innermost layer * _Arachnoid mater_: middle layer * _Dura mater_: outermost layer
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Monosynaptic reflex * Description * Examples
* When the afferent (sensory) neuron sends its signal directly to an efferent (motor) neuron. There is no interneuron present in the arc * Examples: * Biceps brachii reflex * Triceps brachii reflex * Patellar reflex * Calcaneal reflex * Plantar reflex
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Motor unit
* Made up of a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron's axonal terminals
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Motor unit recruitment
The addition of motor units to increase the overall contraction strength of a muscle.
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Near point of vision
Closest point on which the eye can focus
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Nervous system cells
* Neurons (nerve cells) * Neuroglia (supporting cells)
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Nervous system components
1. Central nervous system (CNS) composed of the brain and spinal cord 2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of the cranial and spinal nerves
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Occipital lobe
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III * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Oculomotor n. * Motor * Turn the eyeball up, down, and medially * Iris, lens, and upper eyelid * Pupillary constriction, lens accommodation * Sense body position
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Olfactory adaptation
Temporary inability to distinguish a particular odor after a prolonged exposure to that odor
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Olfactory bulb
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I * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Olfactory n. * Sensory * Sense of smell
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Optic chiasm
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II * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Optic n. * Sensory * Vision
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Optic nerve
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Optic nerve
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Optic nerve
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Optic nerve
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Orbicularis oculi
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Orbicularis oculi (anterior)
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Orbicularis oris
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Orbicularis oris (anterior)
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Parietal lobe
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Patellar reflex (knee jerk)
* Used to evaluate the function of the L2, L3, and L4 levels of the spinal cord
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Pectoralis major
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Pectoralis major (anterior)
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Pectoralis minor
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Pectoralis minor (anterior)
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Peripheral vision
Ability to see objects as they come into the outer edges of the visual field
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Pineal body
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Pinna
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Pinna / Auricle
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Piriformis
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Piriformis
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pituitary gland
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Plantar reflex
* Evaluates the function of the S1 and S2 levels of the spinal cord.
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Platysma (anterior)
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Polysynaptic reflex
* When there is an _interneuron_ present in the reflex arc
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Pons
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Pupil
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Pupil
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Reading an EMG
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Rectus abdominis
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Rectus abdominis
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Rectus femoris
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Rectus femoris
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Reflex arc components
1. **Receptor**: detects the stimulus 2. **Sensory neuron**: carries the signal from the periphery to the CNS 3. **Interneuron**: relays the signal within the CNS 4. **Motor neuron**: carries a signal from the CNS 5. **Effector**: responds to the motor neuron signal
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Reflex classifications
* Somatic * Autonomic
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Reflex hammer
1. **Broad flat side**: normally used to tap on tendons or ligaments directly. We use this side for _patellar_, _calcaneal_, and _triceps reflex_ tests. 2. **Pointed side**: used to touch a finger that is placed over a structure of the body. In this simulation, you will place your thumb on the biceps tendon and strike with the pointed side to test the _biceps brachii_ reflex 3. **Tapered metallic tip**: used to touch and move over areas of skin. We use it to trigger the _plantar reflex_
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Reflexes * How are they triggered? * Describe speed and control * Components
* Triggered by a stimulus and result in a predictable response * Fast and involuntary, which means we are not aware and not in control * Components * _Receptor_: detects the stimulus * _Afferent (sensory) neuron_: conducts the signal from the receptor to the spinal cord * _Interneuron_: receives the signal (*if a polysynaptic reflex*) * _Efferent (motor) neuron_: receives a signal and carries it to the effector * _Effector_: executes the response of the reflex
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Retina
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Sartorius
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Sartorius
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Scalene
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Scalene (anterior)
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Sciatic nerve
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Sclera
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Sclera
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Sclera
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Semicircular canals
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Semicircular canals
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Semicircular canals
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Semimembranosus
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Semimembranosus
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Semitendinosus
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Semitendinosus
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Serratus anterior
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Serratus anterior
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Skeletal muscle
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Skeletal muscle
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Smooth muscle
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Soleus
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Soleus
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Somatic reflex pathways * Description * Example
* Reflexes in the skeletal muscles * Individual is typically _aware or conscious_ that the reflex action is occurring * Example: knee jerk reflex
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Special senses
* Concentrated in the head, and each type is associated with a sensory organ * They include: * Vision * Hearing * Smell * Balance * Taste
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Stapes
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Stapes
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Stereoscopic vision
* Combination of two retinal images giving a three-dimensional perceptual view
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Sternocleidomastoid
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Sternocleidomastoid (anterior)
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Stretch reflexes
* Not learned; pre-programmed * They do not change but can be overridden by the central nervous system
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Sulci
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Temporal lobe
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Temporalis
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Temporalis (lateral)
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Tensor fasciae latae
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Tensor fasciae latae
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Third ventricle
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Tibialis anterior
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Tibialis anterior
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Tibiofemoral joint
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Tibiofibulotalar joint
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Time to fatigue
* The amount of time it takes for a muscle contraction to decrease to 50% maximum strength
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Time to fatigue
* 48 kg (force) / 2 (time to reach 50%) = 24 * 24 kg reached at _60 seconds_
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Transverse abdominis
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Transverse abdominis
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Trapezius
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Trapezius
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Triceps brachii
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Triceps brachii (posterior)
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Triceps reflex
* Used to evaluate the C7 and C8 spinal nerves
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V * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Trigeminal n. * Mixed * Face pain * Chewing, tenses tympanic membrane and soft palate, general sensation in scalp, face, tongue, teeth * 3 divisions * Opthalmic * Maxillary * Mandibular
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IV * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Trochlear n. * Motor * Eye movement (superior oblique muscle) * Sense body position
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Tympanic membrane
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Tympanic membrane
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X * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Vagus n. * Mixed * Motor * Swallowing & gag reflexes * Gland secretion * Peristalsis * Speech * Taste * Slows heart rate * Sensory * Taste buds & epiglottis * General sensation in outer ear * Thoracic and abdominal sensation
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Vastus intermedius
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Vastus lateralis
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Vastus lateralis
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Vastus medialis
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Vastus medius
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VIII * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Vestibulocochlear n. * Sensory * Hearing (cochlear) * Equilibrium (vestibular)
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Visual acuity
Distinguish between two closely spaced objects
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Vitreous humor
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Vitreous humor
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What does EMG stand for?
Electromyography
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What does EMG study?
Electrical activity in skeletal muscles
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What happens when a skeletal muscle contracts?
* The chemical environment inside the muscle fibers begins to become less favorable for contraction * This leads to a weakening of the muscle contraction called muscle fatigue. The exact mechanism of the phenomenon is not known
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Which part of the reflex hammer will you use to test the triceps reflex?
* The broad rubber side * It is used when striking a tendon or ligament directly
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Which part of the reflex hammer will you use to test the patellar reflex?
* The broad rubber side
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Which part of the reflex hammer will you use to test the calcaneal reflex?
* The broad rubber side
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Which part of the reflex hammer will you use to test the biceps reflex?
* Use the pointed rubber side to strike the thumb while it touches the biceps tendon
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Which part of the reflex hammer will you use to test the plantar reflex?
* The metallic tip
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Why are reflex responses useful for clinical evaluations of nerve function?
Failure of a reflex response may indicate damage along the neural pathway, typically in the tracts of the spinal cord or in the peripheral nerves.
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Why would decreased availability of ACh lead to muscle fatigue?
* The nervous system requires Acetylcholine (ACh) to allow muscles to work * Insufficient ACh levels result in muscle weakness that worsen with exertion * The muscles may work for a while, then exhaust their supply of ACh, leading to fatigue * This is because there is a break in the chain of events in muscular contraction
BIO 150 A&P I
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