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BIO 150 A&P I > Labs 7-11: Practical Exam 2 > Flashcards

Labs 7-11: Practical Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

VI

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Abducens n.
  • Motor
    • Allows eye to be abducted; eye movement (lateral vision)
    • Sense body position
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2
Q

XI

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Accessory n.
  • Motor
    • Head, neck, and shoulders
    • Innervation to 2 muscles
      • Sternocleidomastoid
      • Trapezius
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3
Q
A

Adductor longus

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4
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Adductor longus

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5
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Adductor magnus

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6
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Adductor magnus

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7
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A

Arbor vitae

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8
Q

Astigmatism

A

Blurred vision caused by irregular shaped cornea or lens

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9
Q

Audiometer

A

Instrument to measure hearing

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10
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A

Auditory tube

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11
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A

Auditory tube

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12
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A

Auditory tube

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13
Q

Autonomic reflex pathways

A
  • Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands
  • Generally not consciously aware of the reflex
  • Examples: digestion, sweating, hormone release, dilation/contraction of blood vessels
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14
Q
A

Biceps brachii

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15
Q
A

Biceps brachii (anterior)

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16
Q
A

biceps femoris

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17
Q
A

Biceps femoris (2)

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18
Q
A

Biceps femoris

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19
Q

Biceps jerk reflex

A
  • Used to evaluate the function of level C5 and C6 spinal nerves
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20
Q

Blindspot

A
  • Created by the optic disc
  • Occur because there are no visual receptor cells at the point where the optic nerve connects with the retina
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21
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A

Brachialis

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22
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A

Brachialis (anterior)

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23
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Brachioradialis

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24
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Brachioradialis (anterior)

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25
26
Brain stem
27
Calcaneal (Achilles or Ankle Jerk) reflex
* Evaluates the S1 and S2 levels of the spinal cord
28
Cardiac muscle
29
Cardiac muscle
30
Cerebellum
31
Cerebral aqueduct
32
Cerebrospinal fluid
The fluid in and around the brain and spinal cord
33
Cerebrum
34
Chemoreception
Detection of chemical stimuli, perceived as smell and taste
35
Choroid
36
Choroid
37
Choroid
38
Ciliary body
39
Cochlea
40
Cochlea
41
Color deficiency (aka color blindness)
* Decreased ability to perceive some colors in ambient light * In the retina, the color receptors are 3 cones that detect _red, blue_, & _green_ light * The most common type causes difficulty in distinguishing yellow, red, and green from each other; known as _red-green color blindness_
42
Cornea
43
Corpus callosum
44
Cranial nerves * Motor * Sensory * Mixed
* Motor * III (Oculomotor) * IV (Trochlear) * VI (Abducens) * XI (Accessory) * XII (Hypoglossal) * Sensory * I (Olfactory) * II (Optic) * VIII (Vestibulocochlear) * Mixed * V (Trigeminal) * VII (Facial) * IX (Glossopharyngeal) * X (Vagus)
45
46
Deltoid (anterior)
47
Diencephalon
48
49
Electromyography (EMG)
* Records the voltage produced by skeletal muscle contraction and active motor units in a muscle
50
Extensor carpi radialis brevis (posterior)
51
Extensor carpi radialis longus (posterior)
52
Extensor carpi ulnaris (posterior)
53
Extensor digiti minimi (posterior)
54
Extensor digitorum (posterior)
55
Extensor indicis (posterior)
56
Extensor pollicis brevis (posterior)
57
Extensor pollicis longus (posterior)
58
Extensors
59
External abdominal oblique
60
External abdominal oblique
61
External auditory meatus
62
External auditory meatus
63
External intercostals
64
External intercostals (anterior)
65
Extrinsic eye muscles
66
Extrinsic eye muscles
67
VII * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Facial n. * Mixed * Motor * Facial expression, lacrimation, mucous secretion, salivation, taste * Facial muscles * Secretion from salivary, tear, nasal, & palatine glands * Sensory * Taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue * Hearing, general sensation in inner ear
68
Flexor carpi radialis (anterior)
69
Flexor digitorum profundus (anterior)
70
Flexor digitorum superficialis (anterior)
71
Flexor pollicis longus (anterior)
72
Flexors
73
Muscle fatigue
Force decreases over time as the number of motor units decreases
74
Fourth ventricle
75
Frequency
* Pitch * Measured in hertz
76
Frontal lobe
77
Gastrocnemius
78
Gastrocnemius
79
General senses
* Receptors dispersed throughout the skin, organs, muscles, and joints * Some include: * Pain * Pressure * Stretch * Temperature * Touch * Vibration
80
Glenohumeral joint
81
IX * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Glossopharyngeal n. * Mixed * Motor * Salivation * Swallowing * Taste * Sensory * Sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue * Reflexes of BP & respiration * Inner ear, upper pharynx
82
Gluteus maximus
83
Gluteus maximus
84
Gluteus medius
85
Gluteus medius
86
Gracilis
87
Gracilis
88
Gustation
Sense of taste
89
Gyrus
90
91
Humeroulnar joint
92
XII * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Hypoglossal n. * Motor * Tongue movements for speech, food manipulation, & swallowing
93
Incus
94
Incus
95
Intensity
Loudness, decibels
96
Internal abdominal oblique
97
Internal abdominal oblique
98
Internal intercostals
99
Internal intercostals (anterior)
100
Iris
101
Iris
102
Latissimus dorsi
103
Latissimus dorsi
104
Lens
105
Lens
106
Linea alba
107
Linea alba
108
Longitudinal fissure
109
110
111
Macula
* Area of sharpest vision (greatest visual acuity) * Critical to central vision * Largest concentration of cones
112
Malleus
113
Masseter (lateral)
114
Medulla oblongata
115
Meninges
* Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord * Layers * _Pia mater_: innermost layer * _Arachnoid mater_: middle layer * _Dura mater_: outermost layer
116
Monosynaptic reflex * Description * Examples
* When the afferent (sensory) neuron sends its signal directly to an efferent (motor) neuron. There is no interneuron present in the arc * Examples: * Biceps brachii reflex * Triceps brachii reflex * Patellar reflex * Calcaneal reflex * Plantar reflex
117
Motor unit
* Made up of a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron's axonal terminals
118
Motor unit recruitment
The addition of motor units to increase the overall contraction strength of a muscle.
119
120
Near point of vision
Closest point on which the eye can focus
121
122
Nervous system cells
* Neurons (nerve cells) * Neuroglia (supporting cells)
123
Nervous system components
1. Central nervous system (CNS) composed of the brain and spinal cord 2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of the cranial and spinal nerves
124
Occipital lobe
125
III * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Oculomotor n. * Motor * Turn the eyeball up, down, and medially * Iris, lens, and upper eyelid * Pupillary constriction, lens accommodation * Sense body position
126
Olfactory adaptation
Temporary inability to distinguish a particular odor after a prolonged exposure to that odor
127
Olfactory bulb
128
I * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Olfactory n. * Sensory * Sense of smell
129
Optic chiasm
130
II * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Optic n. * Sensory * Vision
131
Optic nerve
132
Optic nerve
133
Optic nerve
134
Optic nerve
135
Orbicularis oculi
136
Orbicularis oculi (anterior)
137
Orbicularis oris
138
Orbicularis oris (anterior)
139
Parietal lobe
140
Patellar reflex (knee jerk)
* Used to evaluate the function of the L2, L3, and L4 levels of the spinal cord
141
Pectoralis major
142
Pectoralis major (anterior)
143
Pectoralis minor
144
Pectoralis minor (anterior)
145
Peripheral vision
Ability to see objects as they come into the outer edges of the visual field
146
Pineal body
147
Pinna
148
Pinna / Auricle
149
Piriformis
150
Piriformis
151
pituitary gland
152
Plantar reflex
* Evaluates the function of the S1 and S2 levels of the spinal cord.
153
Platysma (anterior)
154
Polysynaptic reflex
* When there is an _interneuron_ present in the reflex arc
155
Pons
156
Pupil
157
Pupil
158
Reading an EMG
159
Rectus abdominis
160
Rectus abdominis
161
Rectus femoris
162
Rectus femoris
163
Reflex arc components
1. **Receptor**: detects the stimulus 2. **Sensory neuron**: carries the signal from the periphery to the CNS 3. **Interneuron**: relays the signal within the CNS 4. **Motor neuron**: carries a signal from the CNS 5. **Effector**: responds to the motor neuron signal
164
Reflex classifications
* Somatic * Autonomic
165
Reflex hammer
1. **Broad flat side**: normally used to tap on tendons or ligaments directly. We use this side for _patellar_, _calcaneal_, and _triceps reflex_ tests. 2. **Pointed side**: used to touch a finger that is placed over a structure of the body. In this simulation, you will place your thumb on the biceps tendon and strike with the pointed side to test the _biceps brachii_ reflex 3. **Tapered metallic tip**: used to touch and move over areas of skin. We use it to trigger the _plantar reflex_
166
Reflexes * How are they triggered? * Describe speed and control * Components
* Triggered by a stimulus and result in a predictable response * Fast and involuntary, which means we are not aware and not in control * Components * _Receptor_: detects the stimulus * _Afferent (sensory) neuron_: conducts the signal from the receptor to the spinal cord * _Interneuron_: receives the signal (*if a polysynaptic reflex*) * _Efferent (motor) neuron_: receives a signal and carries it to the effector * _Effector_: executes the response of the reflex
167
Retina
168
Sartorius
169
Sartorius
170
Scalene
171
Scalene (anterior)
172
Sciatic nerve
173
Sclera
174
Sclera
175
Sclera
176
Semicircular canals
177
Semicircular canals
178
Semicircular canals
179
Semimembranosus
180
Semimembranosus
181
Semitendinosus
182
Semitendinosus
183
Serratus anterior
184
Serratus anterior
185
Skeletal muscle
186
Skeletal muscle
187
Smooth muscle
188
Soleus
189
Soleus
190
Somatic reflex pathways * Description * Example
* Reflexes in the skeletal muscles * Individual is typically _aware or conscious_ that the reflex action is occurring * Example: knee jerk reflex
191
Special senses
* Concentrated in the head, and each type is associated with a sensory organ * They include: * Vision * Hearing * Smell * Balance * Taste
192
193
Stapes
194
Stapes
195
Stereoscopic vision
* Combination of two retinal images giving a three-dimensional perceptual view
196
Sternocleidomastoid
197
Sternocleidomastoid (anterior)
198
Stretch reflexes
* Not learned; pre-programmed * They do not change but can be overridden by the central nervous system
199
Sulci
200
Temporal lobe
201
Temporalis
202
Temporalis (lateral)
203
Tensor fasciae latae
204
Tensor fasciae latae
205
Third ventricle
206
Tibialis anterior
207
Tibialis anterior
208
Tibiofemoral joint
209
Tibiofibulotalar joint
210
Time to fatigue
* The amount of time it takes for a muscle contraction to decrease to 50% maximum strength
211
Time to fatigue
* 48 kg (force) / 2 (time to reach 50%) = 24 * 24 kg reached at _60 seconds_
212
Transverse abdominis
213
Transverse abdominis
214
Trapezius
215
Trapezius
216
Triceps brachii
217
Triceps brachii (posterior)
218
Triceps reflex
* Used to evaluate the C7 and C8 spinal nerves
219
V * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Trigeminal n. * Mixed * Face pain * Chewing, tenses tympanic membrane and soft palate, general sensation in scalp, face, tongue, teeth * 3 divisions * Opthalmic * Maxillary * Mandibular
220
IV * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Trochlear n. * Motor * Eye movement (superior oblique muscle) * Sense body position
221
Tympanic membrane
222
Tympanic membrane
223
224
225
X * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Vagus n. * Mixed * Motor * Swallowing & gag reflexes * Gland secretion * Peristalsis * Speech * Taste * Slows heart rate * Sensory * Taste buds & epiglottis * General sensation in outer ear * Thoracic and abdominal sensation
226
Vastus intermedius
227
Vastus lateralis
228
Vastus lateralis
229
Vastus medialis
230
Vastus medius
231
232
VIII * Nerve name * Nerve type(s) * Function(s)
* Vestibulocochlear n. * Sensory * Hearing (cochlear) * Equilibrium (vestibular)
233
Visual acuity
Distinguish between two closely spaced objects
234
Vitreous humor
235
Vitreous humor
236
What does EMG stand for?
Electromyography
237
What does EMG study?
Electrical activity in skeletal muscles
238
What happens when a skeletal muscle contracts?
* The chemical environment inside the muscle fibers begins to become less favorable for contraction * This leads to a weakening of the muscle contraction called muscle fatigue. The exact mechanism of the phenomenon is not known
239
Which part of the reflex hammer will you use to test the triceps reflex?
* The broad rubber side * It is used when striking a tendon or ligament directly
240
Which part of the reflex hammer will you use to test the patellar reflex?
* The broad rubber side
241
Which part of the reflex hammer will you use to test the calcaneal reflex?
* The broad rubber side
242
Which part of the reflex hammer will you use to test the biceps reflex?
* Use the pointed rubber side to strike the thumb while it touches the biceps tendon
243
Which part of the reflex hammer will you use to test the plantar reflex?
* The metallic tip
244
Why are reflex responses useful for clinical evaluations of nerve function?
Failure of a reflex response may indicate damage along the neural pathway, typically in the tracts of the spinal cord or in the peripheral nerves.
245
Why would decreased availability of ACh lead to muscle fatigue?
* The nervous system requires Acetylcholine (ACh) to allow muscles to work * Insufficient ACh levels result in muscle weakness that worsen with exertion * The muscles may work for a while, then exhaust their supply of ACh, leading to fatigue * This is because there is a break in the chain of events in muscular contraction

BIO 150 A&P I (25 decks)

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