Unit 5: Ch 14 (Brain & Cranial Nerves) Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
4 major brain portions
A
- Forebrain
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
- Diencephalon
2
Q
Arachnoid mater
A
- Meninge layer
- Subdural space
- Subarachnoid space
3
Q
Blood-brain barrier of CSF
A
- Protects the brain at the choroid plexus
- Forms tight junctions between the ependymal cells
4
Q
Brainstem
A
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla oblongata
5
Q
Cerebral peduncles (midbrain)
A
- Tegmentum
- Dominated by the red nucleus
- Connections go to and from cerebellum
- Substantia nigra
- Pigmented with melanin
- Motor center that relays inhibitory signals to thalamus and basal nuclei preventing unwanted body movement
- Cerebral crus
- Bundle of nerve fibers that connect the cerebrum to the pons
- Carries corticospinal tracts
6
Q
Cerebrum
A
- Cerebral hemispheres
- Gyri and sulci
- Longitudinal fissure
- Corpus callosum
7
Q
Diencephalon
A
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Epithalamus
8
Q
Dura mater
A
- 2 layers (meninges)
- outer periosteal
- inner meningeal
- No epidural space
- Folds inward to extend between parts of the brin
- falx cerebri
- tentorium cerebelli
- falx cerebelli
9
Q
Functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A
- Buoyancy
- Protection
- Chemical stability
10
Q
Gray matter
A
- Neural integration
- Found in 3 places
- cerebral cortex
- basal nuclei
- limbic system
- Anything unmyelinated
- Seat of the neurosomas, dendrites, and synapses
- Forms the cortex
- Forms the nuclei surrounded by white matter
11
Q
Medulla Oblongata
A
- 2 subdivisions
- myelencephalon
- metencephalon
- All nerve fibers connecting the brain to the spinal cord pass through the medulla
- Cranial nerves that feed the medulla oblongata:
- IX
- X
- XI
- XII
- Cardiac center
- Vasomotor center
- Respiratory center
- Reflex centers
- Pyramids
- Located on the anterior surface
- Carry motor signals to skeletal muscles
- Olives
- Located lateral to each pyramid
12
Q
Meninges
A
- 3 membranes between the nervous tissue and bone
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
- Protect the brain and provide a structural framework for arteries and veins
13
Q
Midbrain
A
- Cerebral aqueduct
- Contains the motor nuclei of CN III & CN IV
- Tectum
- Corpora quadrigemina
- Superior colliculi: control the extrinsic muscles of the eyes
- Inferior colliculi: sensitive to time delays between the ears
- Corpora quadrigemina
14
Q
Pons
A
- Ascending and descending tracts
- Pathways in and out of the cerebellum
- Cranial nerves V - VIII
- Pneumataxic and apneustic areas
15
Q
Reticular formation
A
- Loosley organized web of gray matter that has connections with
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
- cerebrum
- cerebellum
- Networks
- somatic (skeletal muscles) motor control
- central pattern generator
- cardiovascular control
- pain modulation
- sleep and consciousness
- habituation
16
Q
Ventricles
A
- 4 internal chambers
- Lateral ventricles (2)
- largest & most rostral
- form an arc in each cerebral hemisphere
- 3rd ventricle
- 4th ventricle
- Lateral ventricles (2)
17
Q
White matter
A
- All myelinated components in CNS
- Composed of tracts (bundles of axons)
18
Q
Cerebellum
A
- Monitors muscle contractions and aids in motor coordination
- Evaluation of sensory input
- Timekeeping center
- Planning and scheduling tasks
- Important for skeletal muscle contraction
- 2 hemispheres; divided by vermis
- Sensitive to alcohol
19
Q
Structures that arise from the embryonic diencephalon
A
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Epithalamus
20
Q
Thalamus
A
- Composed of at least 23 nuclei within 5 major functional groups
- Motor control
- Sensory input
- Memory and emotional functions of the limbic system
21
Q
Hypothalamus functions
A
- Relay signals between the limbic system and thalamus
- Control center of ANS and endocrine system
- Hormone secretion
- Thermoregulation
- Food and water intake
- Rhythm of sleep and waking
22
Q
Epithalamus
A
- Composed mainly of the pineal gland, habenula, and a thin roof over the 3rd ventricle
23
Q
Cerebral lobes
A
- Frontal
- Insula
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
24
Q
Frontal lobe
A
- Abstract thought
- Explicit memory
- Mood
- Motivation
- Foresight and planning
- Decision making
- Emotional control
- Social judgment
- Voluntary motor control
25
Insula lobe
* Taste
* Pain
* Visceral sensation
* Consciousness
* Emotion and empathy
* Cardiovascular homeostasis
26
Parietal lobe
* Taste
* Somatic sensation
* Sensory integration
* Visual processing
* Spatial perception
* Language processing
* Numerical awareness
27
Occipital lobe
* Visual awareness
* Visual processing
28
Temporal lobe
* Hearing
* Smell
* Emotion
* Learning
* Language & language comprehension
* Memory consolidation
* Verbal memory
* Visual and auditory memory
29
White matter tracts
* Projection tracts
* Carry info between the cerebrum and the rest of the body
* Carry motor signals
* Commissural tracts
* Enable the two sides of the cerebrum to communicate with each other
* Association tracts
* Connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere
* Link perceptual and memory centers of the brain
30
Limbic system
* Center of emotion and learning
* hippocampus
* amygdala
31
Basal nuclei
* Brain centers
* caudate nucleus
* putamen
* globus pallidus
32
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
* Studies normal brain functions such as sleep and consciousness
* Diagnoses degenerative brain diseases, metabolic abnormalities, brain tumors, etc.
33
Brain waves
* 4 brain waves
* _Alpha_: absent during deep sleep
* _Beta_: accentuated during mental activity & sensory stimulation
* _Theta_: suggest emotional stress or brain disorders in awake adults
* _Delta_: indicates serious brain damage in awake adults
34
Cranial nerve classifications
* Most cranial nerves carry fibers between the brainstem and ipsilateral receptors and effectors
* Classes:
* Sensory
* Cranial nerves I, II, VIII
* Motor
* Cranial nerves III, IV, VI, XI, XII
* Mixed
* Cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X
35
Sensory cranial nerves
* I (Olfactory)
* II (Optic)
* VIII (Vestibulocochlear)
36
Motor cranial nerves
* III (Oculomotor)
* IV (Trochlear)
* VI (Abducens)
* XI (Accessory)
* XII (Hypoglossal)
37
Mixed cranial nerves
* V (Trigeminal)
* VII (Facial)
* IX (Glossopharyngeal)
* X (Vagus)
38
I nerve
* Olfactory
* Sensory
* Sense of smell
39
II n.
* Optic n.
* Sensory
* Vision
40
III n.
* Oculomotor n.
* Motor
* Turn the eyeball up, down, and medially
* Iris, lens, and upper eyelid
41
IV n.
* Trochlear n.
* Motor
* Eye movement (superior oblique muscle)
42
V n.
* Trigeninal n.
* Mixed
* Identifies pain in face
* 3 divisions
* Opthalmic
* Maxillary
* Mandibular
43
VI n.
* Abducens n.
* Motor
* Allows eye to be abducted; eye movement (lateral vision)
44
VII n.
* Facial n.
* Mixed
* Motor
* Facial muscles
* Secretion from salivary, tear, nasal, & palatine glands
* Sensory
* Taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue
45
VIII n.
* Vestibulocochlear n.
* Sensory
* Hearing (cochlear)
* Equilibrium (vestibular)
46
IX n.
* Glossopharyngeal n.
* Mixed
* Motor
* Salivation
* Pharyngeal muscles for swallowing
* Sensory
* Sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue
* Reflexes involving the control of BP & respiration
47
X n.
* Vagus n.
* Mixed
* Motor
* Swallowing & gag reflexes
* Sensory
* Taste buds & epiglottis
48
XI n.
* Accessory n.
* Motor
* Head, neck, and shoulders
* Innervation to 2 muscles
* Sternocleidomastoid
* Trapezius
49
XII n.
* Hypoglossal n.
* Motor
* Tongue movements for speech, food manipulation, & swallowing
