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BIO 150 A&P I > Unit 4: Ch 6 (Integumentary System) > Flashcards

Unit 4: Ch 6 (Integumentary System) Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory structures

A
  • Only found in thin skin
  • Hair & nails
  • Cutaneous glands
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2
Q

Alopecia

A
  • Thinning of hair/baldness
  • Worsened by disease, poor nutrition, fever, emotional stress, radiation, chemotherapy
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3
Q

Anatomical differences between dermis and epidermis

A
  • Epidermis
    • avascular
    • keratin
  • Dermis
    • vascular
    • contains blood vessels, glands, and nerve endings
    • contains hair follicles & nail roots
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4
Q

Blister

A
  • Damaged dermal blood vessel (ie burn, friction)
  • Results in serous fluid seeping out of vessel and accumulating
  • Separates the epidermis from the dermis until the fluid is either reabsorbed or expelled by rupture
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5
Q

Colors of diagnostic value

A
  • Cyanosis (blue)
    • Blueness of skin resulting from a deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood
    • Examples: Lung disease, cardiac arrest, slow blood flow, airway obstruction
  • Erythema (red)
    • Redness of the skin caused by increased blood flow in dilated cutaneous blood vessels or by dermal pooling of red blood cells
    • Examples: exercise, hot weather, sunburn, anger
  • Albinism (white)
    • Lack of pigmentation that alters the integumentary system
    • Effected people have inherited a recessive, nonfunctional tyrosinase allele from both parents
  • Jaundice (yellow)
    • Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from high levels of bilirubin in the blood
  • Hematoma/bruise (multiple)
    • A mass of clotted blood showing through the skin
    • Can be a variety of colors depending on how much healing has occurred
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6
Q

Cutaneous glands

A
  • Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
    • Merocrine (eccrine): at birth
      • Myoepithelial cells
      • Sensible (see/feel sweat) v. insensible (unable to see/feel sweat)
    • Apocrine: post-puberty
      • Bromhidrosis: body odor
      • Pheromones
  • Sebaceous: oil gland next to hair follicle
  • Ceruminous: ear wax
  • Mammary: produces milk
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7
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A
  • The skin
  • 2 regions
    • Epidermis
      • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
      • Surface consists of dead cells packed with keratin
      • Avascular; dependent on diffusion
      • Arises from the ectoderm
    • Dermis
      • Fibrous connective tissue: collagen, elastic, & reticular fibers, fibroblasts
      • Vascular
      • Arises from the mesoderm
  • The hypodermis is NOT a part of the cutaneous membrane
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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Dendritic/Langerhans cells

A
  • Found in stratum spinosum & stratum granulosum
  • Provide immunity
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10
Q

Dermal papilla

A
  • Provides the hair with its sole source of nutrition
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11
Q

Dermis layers

A
  • Papillary layer (superficial)
    • Areolar connective tissue
    • Rich in small blood vessels
    • Allows for the mobility of leukocytes and other defenses
    • Superficial 1/5 of dermis
    • Often extends upward as dermal papillae
  • Reticular layer (deep)
    • Dense irregular connective tissue
    • Collagen fibers in all planes. Stretching of skin can tear the collagen fibers and produce striae (stretch marks)
    • Deeper 4/5 of the dermis
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12
Q

Epidermis stratification

  • Cell classification
  • Layers
  • Cells present
A
  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • Layers
    • Stratum corneum
    • Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
    • Stratum granulosum
    • Stratum spinosum
    • Stratum basale
  • Cells
    • Stem cells
    • Keratinocytes
    • Melanocytes
    • Tactile/Merkel cells
    • Dendritic/Langerhans cells
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

Flexion lines (flexion creases)

A
  • Lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrists, elbows, etc
  • The skin is tightly bound to deeper connective tissues along these lines
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15
Q

Fontalis muscles

A

Muscles for eyebrow expressiveness

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16
Q

Friction ridges

A
  • Produce fingerprints
  • Enhance fingertip sensitivity to texture by vibrating and stimulating sense organs called lamellar corpuscles
  • Form during fetal development and remain unchanged for life
  • Patterns result from a combination of heredity and the surfaces that the fetus randomly touches with its fingertips before birth
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Hair cycle

A
  1. Anagen
    • growth stage
    • 6-8 years
  2. Catagen
    • mitosis ceases
    • the follicle shrinks and the hair dies and loses its anchorage
    • Hair becomes a club hair (easily pulled out while brushing)
    • 2-3 weeks
  3. Telogen
    • hair follicle rests
    • 1-3 months
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19
Q

Hair follicle structure

A
  • Hair follicle contains the hair root
  • 2 layers
    • Epithelial root sheath
      • Extension of the epidermis
      • Stratified squamous epithelium
      • Widens to form a bulge, a source of stem cells for follicle growth
    • Connective tissue root sheath
      • Derived from the dermis
      • Collagenous connective tissue
      • Surrounds the epithelial sheath
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20
Q

Hair functions

A
  • Barrier (Antimicrobial properties & water retention)
  • Hair receptors (feel sensations)
  • UV protection (pigmentation)
  • Thermoregulation (arrector pili)
  • Mate attraction (apocrine glands)
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21
Q

Hair matrix

A
  • The hair’s growth center
  • Contains stem cells that undergo mitosis to create daughter cells
22
Q

Hair root plexus

A

Responsible for identifying different sensations

23
Q

Hair types

A
  • Downy
    • Fine, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus
  • Terminal
    • Longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented
    • Forms eyelashes, eyebrows and covers the scalp
    • After puberty, it forms pubic hair, facial hair, and some of the hair on the trunk and limbs
  • Vellus
    • 2/3 of the hair of women
    • 1/10 of the hair of men
    • All the hair of children except for the eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair of the scalp
24
Q

Hair zones

A
  • 3 zones along the length of a hair follicle
    • Shaft: Hair above the skin
    • Root: Hair beneath the surface
    • Bulb: Deepest hair
25
Hemangiomas
* Patches of skin discolored by benign tumors of the blood capillaries * Types * _Capillary hemangiomas_ * strawberry birthmarks * 90% disappear by 6 YOA * _Cavernous hemangiomas_ * flatter and duller in color * 90% disappear by 9 YOA * _Port-wine stain_ * flat and pink-to-purple in color * remains for life
26
Hirsutism
* Excessive or undesirable hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy, especially in women and children * Usually results from either masculinizing ovarian tumors or hypersecretion of testosterone by the adrenal cortex * Often associated with menopause
27
Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Tissue
* Areolar or adipose tissue between skin and muscle * Binds skin to underlying tissues * Subcutaneous fat * Notes * Drugs are injected into the hypodermis due to large blood supply, resulting in drugs entering the circulatory system and traveling throughout the body * Not a part of the cutaneous membrane
28
Keratinocyte life history
* Most immature keratinocytes found in deepest layers * Avg life span = 30 to 40 days * Stratum granulosum * Keratinocytes die * Epidermal water barrier * Consists of * lipids secreted by keratinocytes * tight junctions between keratinocytes * Dead cells exfoliate as dander * _Dandruff_: exfoliation included with secretions from nearby hair * _Dander_: exfoliation process
29
Keratinocytes
* Majority of epidermal cells * Synthesize keratin
30
Lunule
* Aids in capillary refill assessment (nail structure)
31
Melanin
* Important for preventing the disruption of UV radiation * Only found in melanocytes in the stratum basale * 2 types * _Eumelanin_: darker colors * _Pheomelanin_: lighter colors
32
33
Nails
* Derivative of the _stratum corneum_ * Flat nails are one of the distinguishing characteristics of humans and primates. Serve as keratinized tools for grooming, picking apart food, and other manipulations
34
Pattern baldness
* Condition in which hair is lost unevenly across the scalp rather than thinning uniformly * Results from a combination of genetic and hormonal influences
35
Piloerector muscles (aka arrector)
* Thermal regulation * Respond to cold, fear, touch, or other stimuli * Smooth muscle and involuntary contractions * Straight hair releases heat * Layered hair retains heat * Example: goosebumps
36
Pilus / Pili
* Hair roots which grow from a hair follicle * Terminology * Pilus = hair (singular) * Pili = hair (plural)
37
Skin categories
* **Thin skin** * 4 functional layers (does not incl _stratum lucidum_) * Found with accessories (ie hair follicles & subcutaneous glands) * **Thick skin** * 5 functional layers * No accessories * Can absorb more pressure than thin skin * Skin that can manipulate the environment (ie palms & soles of feet)
38
Skin color factors
* _Melanin_: most significant factor * _UV rays_: geographic and ethnic variation * _Hemoglobin_: red pigment of blood * _Carotene_: yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow/orange vegetables
39
Skin functions
* Barrier functions (physical barrier & waterproofing) * Nonverbal communication * Resistance to trauma and infection * Sensation * Thermoregulation * Vitamin D synthesis
40
Skin markings
* **Friction ridges**: markings on the fingertips that leave fingerprints * **Flexion lines**: marks sites where the skin folds during flexion of the joints (ie lines on digits, palms, wrists, elbows) * **Freckles**: flat patches that vary by heredity and sun exposure * **Moles**: an elevated patch of melanized skin * **Hemangiomas**: patches of skin discolored by benign tumors of the blood capillaries
41
Skin sensory receptors
* _Free nerve ending_: not encapsulated, sense hot/cold * _Lameliated/Pacinian_: pressure * _Corpuscle/Meissner_: low frequency vibration * _Tactile/Merkel_: light touch * _Nociceptor_: identify pain
42
43
Stem Cells
* Undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to keratinocytes * Once differentiated they can only make new epidermal cells * Found only in the stratum basale
44
Stratum basale
* Single-layer * Stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells * Site of most mitosis
45
Stratum corneum
* Most superficial layer; contact with external environment * Up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells * Resistant to abrasion, penetration, and water loss
46
Stratum granulosum
* 2-5 layers of cells with dark-staining _keratohyalin granules_ * Begins to form the waterproof layer of skin * Cells die in this layer
47
Stratum lucidum
* Thin zone superficial to the stratum granulosum * _Only_ in thick skin * Cells have no nucleus or organelles. Featureless appearance with indistinct cell boundaries * Keratinocytes are packed with a clear protein named _eleidin_
48
Stratum spinosum
* Several layers; primarily on _palms and soles_ * Dendritic cells, keratin filaments * Attached to desmosomes and bound by tight junctions
49
Subcutaneous fat
* Functions * Energy reservoir * Thermal insulation * Found in the hypodermis layer * Adipocytes * Notes * Thicker in women * Not uniformly distributed
50
Tactile/Merkel Cells
* Sensory receptors for light touch

BIO 150 A&P I (25 decks)

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