Lab 6: Endocrine And Reproduction

Question 1

Where is the pituitary gland?

Answer 1

Lies in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Inferior/anterior to hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary is in front of posterior pituitary…

Question 2

Where is the hypothalamus?

Answer 2

Inferior anterior to thalamus (the eye of teh bird)
Connects to pituitary

Question 3

Where is the pineal gland?

Answer 3

Posterior to thalamus
Small
Basically center brain

Question 4

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 4

Slightly under and behind teh stomach, yellow/beige and oddly textured, shaped like a slug

Question 5

Function of testes?

Answer 5

Sperm production
Hormone production: Testosterone

Question 6

Function of the scrotum?

Answer 6

Protection of testes
Temperature regulation of testes (contracts or relaxes depending on temperature)

Question 7

Function of epididymis?

Answer 7

Mature sperm storage
Connected to vas deferens for sperm ejaculation

Question 8

Function of prostate gland? Position relative to bladder and urethra?

Answer 8

Just inferior to bladder, surrounding the upper urethra
Produces alkaline fluid that makes up semen (neutralizes acidic vagina and helps with sperm mobility)

Question 9

Function of seminal vesicles? Position relative to bladder and urethra?

Answer 9

Behind the bladder, above the prostate
Produces seminal fluid (most of semen, contains fructose as energy source and alkaline substances to neutralize)

Question 10

Function of vas deferens? Position relative to bladder?

Answer 10

Transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
Joins seminal vesicle to mix sperm with seminal fluid
Posterior and lateral to the bladder, on either side of

Question 11

How many seminal vesicles are there? Where?

Answer 11

2
Either side of bladder

Question 12

Briefly describe the path of sperm from testes to ejaculation?

Answer 12

Testes-> stored in epididymis-> send out to vas deferens upon request -> mixes with seminal fluid-> ejaculatory duct-> mixes with prostatic fluid-> shoot through urethra

Question 13

Function of bulbourethral glands? Position relative to bladder and urethra?

Answer 13

Inferior to bladder and prostate gland, on either side of urethra
Produces lubricating mucus that cleanses urethra

Question 14

Function of penis?

Answer 14

Delivers semen to female reproductive tract

Question 15

Function of the urethra?

Answer 15

Passage for sperm and urine in men

Question 16

Function of ovary? Position relative to bladder?

Answer 16

Production of estrogen and progesterone (hormones)
Cite of maturation of primary follicle (egg)
Lateral to uterus, above and slightly behind bladder

Question 17

Function of oviducts/fallopian tubes?

Answer 17

Transport of egg
Site of fertilization**
*mentioning in lab

Question 18

Function of the uterus?

Answer 18

Site where fertilized egg implants and develops during pregnancy
Made of myometrium and endometrium

Question 19

What is endometrium?

Answer 19

Mucous membrane that thickens (in each cycle) in response to estrogen and progesterone
This is what is shed in a period, otherwise supports and nourishes fertilized egg

Question 20

What is myometrium?

Answer 20

Thick layer of smooth muscle for uterine contractions to expel blood, babies and placenta

Question 21

Function of cervix?

Answer 21

Located as base of uterus
Connects uterus to vagina (passageway)
Produces cervical mucus
Barrier to bacteria to protect uterus
Dilates during labor

Question 22

Function of vagina?

Answer 22

Receives penis during intercourse

Question 23

Major hormones of hypothalamus and target organs?

Answer 23

APG regulatory hormones of the hypothalamus: targets pituitary, triggers release or inhibition of its hormones
Oxytocin: myometrium (contraction), feelings of love, release of milk
ADH: anti-diuretic hormone: targets kidneys to retain waterf

Question 24

Where are oxytocin and ADH found before they are sent off into the body?

Answer 24

Posterior pituitary

Question 25

Hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 25

Growth hormone (GH): targets bone and muscle cells Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): targets thyroid to secrete its hormones Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): targets adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids Gonadotropins:targets various cells, promotes axillary and pubic hair growth and female sex drive Prolactin: targets mammary glands for milk production

Question 26

What are teh gonadotropins and their functions?

Answer 26

Luteinizing hormone (LH): targets ovaries and testes to stimulate ovulation and testosterone production Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): targets ovaries and testes to produce gametes

Question 27

What are the major hormones of the pancreas?

Answer 27

Insulin: targets cells to uptake glucose, liver to make glycogen, Glucagon: liver to break down glycogen to increase BGL

Question 28

Major hormones of the parathyroid thyroid gland?

Answer 28

Parathyroid hormone: targets bones to release calcium, kidneys to reabsorb calcium, small intestine to absorb to raise levels of calcium in blood

Question 29

Major hormones of the pineal gland?

Answer 29

Melatonin: regulate sleep awake cycle

Question 30

Major hormones of thyroid gland?

Answer 30

Calcitonin: targets bones to absorb calcium to lower blood calcium levels Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3): targets all body cells to promote metabolic activities

Question 31

Major hormones of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 31

Glucocorticoids: causes liver to produce glucose and blood vessels to constrict Mineralocorticoids: target the kidneys to increase water and sodium absorption

Question 32

Major hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla (inside)?

Answer 32

Epinephrine And Norepinephrine : targets all cells to invoke sympathetic nervous system response

Question 33

Main hormones of teh ovaries?

Answer 33

Estrogen: targets primary follicle to mature AND endometrial thickening Progesterone: targets teh endometrium to thicken

Question 34

Main hormones of the testes?

Answer 34

Testosterone: targets primary spermatocytes to develop into sperm

Question 35

What is dysregulated in type 1 diabetes? Type 2?

Answer 35

Type 2: insulin receptors are damaged and less capable of binding to insulin to promote glucose uptake, INSULIN RESISTANCE Type 1: beta cells in pancreas cant produce insulin

Question 36

Describe positive feedback loop starring oxytocin?

Answer 36

Baby head makes cervix stretch-> stretch receptors tells CNS-> hypothalamus tells posterior pituitary to release oxytocin storage-> stimulates uterine contraction-> cervix is stretched even more-> stretch receptors on the fritz-> oxytocin by the masses-> positive loop

Question 37

Describe the hormonal involvement in a short-term stress response. Effects?

Answer 37

Epinephrine-norepinephrine produced int adrenal medulla Effects: increase in heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose and alertness

Question 38

Describe the hormonal involvement of long term stress.

Answer 38

Cortisol (glucocorticoid) and aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) Effects: regular salt and water balance, regulates metabolism (increasing blood glucose levels), suppression of immune system

Question 39

What organ do LH and FSH target in women?

Answer 39

Ovaries, affect menstrual cycle, ovulation, fertility

Question 40

What organs do progesterone and estrogen affect in women?

Answer 40

Uterus Endometrium lining growth

Question 41

Describe uterus during a period.

Answer 41

Low levels of progesterone and estrogen trigger shedding of endometrial lining (makes sense since P and E were maintaining it) FSH stimulate a new follicle and estrogen levels rise (stimulates thickening of endometrial lining) Surge in LH causes ovulation and with it the start of progesterone Progesterone stabilizes endometrium, stops it from shedding, E supports P in this No fertilization occurs: source of P dies so P and E levels drop sharply, endometrium is shed