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Anatomy > 6c Blood Vessels And Blood Pressure > Flashcards

6c Blood Vessels And Blood Pressure Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

How can a cross section of an artery be distinguished against one of a vein?

A

Artery will have a much thicker layer of smooth muscle (for creating and holding that initial pressure)

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2
Q

Where do arteries carry blood?

A

Away from the heart

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3
Q

What carries blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries and artérioles

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4
Q

What vessels play a major role in gas exchange?

A

Capillary beds

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5
Q

What do capillary beds do?

A

Gas exchange between blood and tissues
Present in both internal and external respiration

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6
Q

What vessels return blood towards the heart?

A

Venules and veins

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7
Q

What is the main difference between arteries and artérioles? Venules and veins?

A

Size. Arteries and veins are larger than artérioles and Venules, which usually branch off the larger structures

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8
Q

What do Venules do?

A

They drain into veins

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9
Q

What are the 3 main structures that compose the anatomy of blood vessels?

A

Outer: tunica externa
Middle: tunica media
Inner: tunica intima

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10
Q

What is the tunica intima made of, specify for arteries and veins?

A

Common in both arteries and veins, serve the same purpose
Endothelium and loose connective tissue in both veins and arteries
Arteries also have an internal elastic lamina layer, superficial to the loose connective tissue

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11
Q

What structures or defining features do arteries have that veins do not?

A

Internal elastic lamina in tunica intima
External elastic lamina in tunica media
Thicker smooth muscle in the tunica media

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12
Q

What structures of defining features do veins have that arteries do not?

A

A much larger lumen
Valves

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13
Q

What is the tunica media made of, specify for veins or arteries?

A

Layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in both
In arteries, a layer of external elastic lamina

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14
Q

What is the tunica externa composed of, specify for veins or arteries?

A

Both: collagen fibers
Fibrous connective tissue

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15
Q

What are capillary’s made/composed of? Hint: they are also blood vessels

A

Only have a tunica intima, the thin layer to allow for easy gas exchange

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16
Q

Why do capillaries only have the tunica intima?

A

Thin layer to facilitate gas exchange

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17
Q

What is the function of the tunica intima?

A

Forms a friction reducing lining

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18
Q

What is the function of the tunica media?

A

Controlled by sympathetic nervous system, responds to it

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19
Q

Does the parasympathetic nervous system have any influence over the smooth muscle in the tunica media?

A

No

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20
Q

What division of the autonomic nervous system controls the activity of the smooth muscle in the tunica media?

A

Sympathetic

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21
Q

What is the function of the tunica externa?

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A

Protection and support
Outermost covering

22
Q

In what direction does blood move?

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A

From areas of high to low pressure

23
Q

What is the relationship between cardiac output and venous return?

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A

They must be equal, obviously

24
Q

Without the pressure that arteries have, how do veins transport blood back to the heart, against gravity?

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A

Valves that allow for unidirectional flow
Skeletal muscle contractions push blood in the only direction it can go

25
What do you call a network of capillaries?
Capillary beds
26
What is blood flow through a capillary bed referred to as?
Microcirculation
27
What is microcirculation?
Blood flow through capillary beds
28
What do precapillary sphincters do?
They can close or be closed to prevent flow to that network. This allows for blood to be re-routed/shunted towards the heart when directed by the sympathetic nervous system
29
What allows for exchange between capillary and blood and what is being exchanged?
Concentration gradients/simple diffusion Gases as well as nutrients and wastes, good stuff going in, bad stuff being taken away
30
Explain capillary exchange, cover the relationship between bloods pressure and osmotic pressure.
When at the arterial end, the blood/hydrostatic pressure is high relative to the outside. We said that blood move from areas of high to low pressure which is what occurs here. The high blood pressure on the arterial end of the capillary creates a force driving nutrients out of the capillary. Osmotic pressure opposes blood pressure and is controlled by the concentration of substances/proteins in the blood. Blood has a higher concentration of proteins than there are outside the capillaries and therefore has a higher osmotic pressure. This leads to some of that fluid that the blood pressure drew outwards to be drawn back into the vessel
31
What kind of waste diffuses back into the capillary to be removed?
CO2, ammonia, other nitrogenous wastes
32
What is blood pressure?
The pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels Aka the resistance to flow Aka the force that causes blood to continue to flow in vessels despite resistance or gravity
33
What are the two blood pressure we take when taking BP?
Systolic: top number, normal range 120, ventricular contraction Diastolic: bottom number, 70, ventricular relaxation
34
When/ under what conditions is systolic pressure taken?
During peak of ventricular contraction During ventricular systole (step 4 of a cardiac cycle)
35
When/under what conditions is diastolic pressure taken?
Ventricular relaxation Mid to late ventricular diastole, steps 1-2 in a cardiac cycle
36
What blood vessels have the higher blood pressure and why?
Arteries, capillaries the veins due to distance from the heart, original pressure generator
37
What are the three variables that can affect blood pressure?
Cardiac output Peripheral resistance Blood volume
38
What is the formula relating cardiac i=output and peripheral resistance?
Delta P= CO x R Don’t need to do math, just that any changes to cardiac output or peripheral resistance will directly affect blood pressure
39
How does blood volume affect blood pressure?
Blood volume affects cardiac output, ie less blood in body-> less cardiac output-> less blood pressure
40
What are some sources of peripheral resistance?
Blood viscosity Blood vessel length Blood vessel diameter
41
What makes blood thicker or thinner, viscous or less viscous?
Concentration of platelets or white blood cells present will affect viscosity Higher viscosity is harder to move than less viscous blood
42
Which of the two sources contributing to peripheral resistance are unchanging in the short term?
Blood viscosity Blood vessel length In the short term these stay constant
43
What effect does blood vessel length have on blood pressure?
The smaller the vessel the more resistance, which is why kids have lower blood vessels than adults
44
What are the main mechanisms of blood pressure regulation? Briefly describe
Nervous system and hormones: fast acting, alters BP by changing peripheral resistance and consequently CO, does this by changing blood vessel diameter Kidneys and hormones: alters blood volume, details to be seen in urinary notes
45
What does the vasomotor center do?
Controls dilation and constriction of blood vessels
46
Where can the vasomotor center be found?
Medulla
47
What part of the brain/nervous system controls dilation and constriction of blood vessels?
Vasomotor center in medulla
48
Where are baroreceptors located and what do they detect?
Blood pressure Aortic arch and carotid sinuses
49
What is hypotension?
Low blood pressure Low systolic, 100 mmHg or less
50
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure Arterial pressure of 140/90 mmHg Warns of increased peripheral resistance

Anatomy (25 decks)

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