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8 Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connective

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2
Q

What are then main constituents of blood?

A

Plasma (liquid portion)
Cellular portion (cells and cell fragments)

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3
Q

Name some of the characteristics of blood.

A

38 degrees
Metallic salty taste
PH between 7.35-7.45
5-6L in adult male

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4
Q

Why is the temperature of blood slightly higher than that of the body?

A

Specific heat capacity of water ( retains heat will helps it act as both a cooling and heating mechanism)

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5
Q

What are teh main functions of blood?

A

Transportation: O2 from lungs to body and CO2 from body to lungs
-also takes waste and heat away from cells, circulates hormones
Regulation: pH (buffer system), body temperature (water in plasma)
Protection: clotting, wbc carry out phagocytosis and produce antibodies

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6
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A

Mostly water
Salts
Plasma proteins

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7
Q

What are the formed elements in teh blood?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Platelets (clotting)

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8
Q

What are the two categories for leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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9
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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10
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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11
Q

What formed elements make of the minority of blood?

A

Platelets and leukocytes (less than 1%)

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12
Q

What three sections do we get after centrifuging blood?

A

Plasma (top)
Buffy coat (middle) (leukocytes and platelets)
Hématocrit (bottom, most dense) (erythrocytes)

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13
Q

Can blood composition vary within an individual?

A

Yes, cells are constantly exchanging substances with blood
Ie. locations closer or farther to veins and arteries will have different co2 and o2 levels

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14
Q

What are teh most abundant solutes in plasma?

A

Plasma proteins made by the liver (mostly)

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15
Q

What are the types of plasma proteins?

A

Albumin (most abuindant)
Clotting proteins (fibrinogen)
Antibodies (globulins and immunoglobulins)

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16
Q

What does albumin do?

A

Plasma protein
Important blood buffer
Helps regulate osmotic pressure
Typically stays in blood

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17
Q

What does fibrinogen do?

A

Stops blood loss when a vessel is injury
Stays in blood unless you are bleeding
May work with placates depending of severity

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18
Q

What do the formed elements have in common?

A

All derived from hemocytoblasts

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19
Q

What are hemocytoblasts?

A

Pleuripotent stem cells
Cells that can develop into many different types of cells

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20
Q

Are blood cells mitotic?

A

No
No DNA
Few organelles

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21
Q

Which if teh formed elements are complete cells?

A

Leukocytes

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22
Q

If teh formed elements die so quickly, how are we not deficient?

A

Regenerate in bone marrow, where they originate

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of RBCs?

A

No nuclei, very few organelles
No mitochondria which is partly why they die so fast
Carry hemoglobin, (proteins that can latch to oxygen and co2)

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24
Q

What does it mean for the oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve to be left shifted?

A

Increased oxygen affinity->hemoglobin does not want to let go of oxygen so is actually decreasing or preventing the amount of o2 available to tissues

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25
What are teh causes of left-shifted curves in oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curves?
High pH (basic) Low temperature
26
What does it mean for the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to be right shifted?
Hemoglobin decreases in affinity for o2, delivering more o2 to tissues because its more willing to let it go
27
What can cause right shifted curves?
Low pH Increased co2 High temperature
28
What is carbon monoxide and why is it an issue?
Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas that has an even higher affinity to hemoglobin that’s oxygen does, so much so that it can result in asphyxiation if not treated immediately It prevents o2 from binding to hemoglobin
29
What are the effect of CO poisoning?
Tachycardia Acidosis Edema Multiple organ dysfunction Cardiac arrest Symptoms are non descript, could be anything
30
What is anemia?
Decrease in the o2 carrying ability of blood due to either Lower than normal RBC count Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content of RBC
31
What is sickle cells anemia?
Form of anemia that results from a genetic mutation Causes the mishapenness of the hemoglobin, affecting its ability to transport o2
32
What can cause sudden decreases in RBC count?
Hemorrhage Lysis of RBCs cause of bacterial infection Lack of vitamin b12 Destruction of bone marrow
33
What causes inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs?
Iron deficiency or slow prolonged bleeding Iron essential to making hemoglobin
34
What is polycythemia?
Opposite of anemia Disorder resulting from excessive RBCs due to bone marrow cancer of life at higher altitudes
35
What physiological effect does higher RBC count have?
Makes blood more viscous Requires more force to pump Increased risk of cardiac arrest
36
Why does altitude affect RBC levels?
Less o2 up there so body creates more RBCs to try and latch on to as much as possible
37
What do leukocytes protect against?
Bacteria Viruses Parasites Toxins Tumor cells
38
What are the characteristics of leukocytes?
Complete cells, nucleus, organelles and all Can move through walls of blood vessels (diapedesis) Can respond to positive chemotaxis
39
What is diapedesis?
Movement from blood into tissues
40
What is positive chemotaxis?
Leukocytes recognize the chemokines that are released into the surrounding tissue, indicative of infection, and respond by going to this site
41
Relationship between diapedesis and positive chemotaxis?
Chemotaxis is the process in which leukocytes move towards the site where infection chemicals called chemokines are released. Diapedesis is a mechanism that allows this process by letting leukocytes pass through walls of blood vessels
42
What are characteristics of granulocytes?
Leukocytes that contain visible digest enzymes in their cytoplasm (can be stained) All the Phils- neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
43
Characteristics of agranulocytes?
Leukocytes that have no visible (stainable) digestive enzymes in their cytoplasms, nucleus either really big and round or oval or kidney shaped The cytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
44
Basic characteristics of basophils?
Granulocytes Contain heparin (anticoagulant) Fight parasites and allergies
45
Basic characteristics of eosinophils?
Granulocyte Brick red cytoplasm staining Kills parasitic worms and combats allergy attacks
46
Basic characteristics of neutrophils?
Granulocytes Multilobed nucleus Cytoplasm stains light pink Act as phagocytes Fight bacteria and fungi
47
Basic characteristics of monocytes?
Agranulocyte Kidney shaped nucleus Macrophages that migrate into tissues Fight chronic infections
48
Basic characteristics of lymphocytes?
Large dark nucleus Reside on lymphatic tissue Fights tumors, viruses, produces antibodies
49
What is high white blood cell count indicative of?
Leukocytosis Indicates infection
50
What is low WBC count associated with? Causes?
Leukopenia Can be caused by certain drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents
51
What is the production of immature WBCs indicative of?
Leukemia Bone marrow becomes cancerous
52
What do the following conditions say about WBCs? Leukopenia, leukocytosis, leukemia
Leukopenia: low WBC count, can be caused by certain drugs Leukocytosis: high WBC count, indicates infection Leukemia: production of immature WBC, bone marrow becomes cancerous
53
Mnemonic for abundance of WBCs?
Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocytes Eosinophils Bananas Never let monkeys eat bananas
54
What are platelets?
Fragments of megakaryocytes that contain residual organelles including rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) and Golgi bodies
55
What are megakaryocytes?
Multinucleate cells
56
Characteristics of platelets?
Involved in clotting process Seen alone or in clusters Lifespan of 10 days Irregular shape
57
What is hematopoiesis?
Formation of blood cells
58
Characteristics of hematopoiesis in early embryonic stages?
Starts in yolk sac As fetus grows, moves to liver, spleen and red bone marrow From the 2nd trimester to forever, hematopoiesis normally only occurs in red bone marrow
59
Where does hematopoiesis occur in early childhood? Does this change?
In red bone marrow in all bones of the skeleton until teh age of 5 Yes this changes as red bone marrow slowly becomes yellow bone marrow
60
Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?
Limited to spongy bone in cranial bones, ribs, sternum, pelvis and proximal epiphyses of the humeri and femurs
61
Hierarchy of blood cells?
Hemacytoblast stem cell-> produces secondary stem cells: lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells Lymphoid stem cells produce lymphocytes Myeloid stem cells produce erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes
62
All blood cells are derived from what common stem cell?
Hemacytoblast
63
What type of tissue is red bone marrow?
Myeloid tissue
64
What is erythropoiesis?
Formation of red blood cells
65
What cant RBCs divide to reproduce?
Anucleate, unable to grow, divide or synthesize proteins
66
Lifespan of RBCs?
100-120 days
67
How are RBCs retired? Regenerated?
Eliminated through phagocytosis in spleen or liver Replaced by division of Hemacytoblasts in red bone marrow
68
How long does erythropoiesis take?
3-5 days
69
What regulates erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin hormone
70
What does erythropoietin respond to?
Reduced blood oxygen levels Homeostasis maintained by negative feedback
71
What organs release erythropoietin?
Kidneys and liver(little bit)
72
Describe the homeostasis of O2 levels when the stimulus is low O2
Low O2 Kidney and a little bit liver release erythropoietin Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow Enhances erythropoiesis to increase RBC production and count Ability of blood to carry O2 increases Good
73
What can cause low O2 levels in blood?
Low RBC count Low O2 availability Decreased amount of hemoglobin
74
What is hypoxia?
Lack of oxygen at teh tissue level Inadequate amount of O2 to meet metabolic demand
75
Causes of hypoxia?
Low O2 pressure (high altitudes) Anemia Hemorrhage Circulatory failure (clots)
76
Initial symptoms of hypoxia?
Drowsiness, depression, hyperventilation, emotional outburst Possibly: nausea, vomiting, anorexia Increase heart rate and systemic blood pressure, cyanosis
77
What is cyanosis?
Bluish discolouration of skin and/or mucous membrane Examples: mucus membrane of the under surface of tongue Lips, Earlobes , nail beds, tip of nose, non important extremities really

Anatomy (25 decks)

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