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Anatomy > Lab 5: Nervous System > Flashcards

Lab 5: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How does CSF protect the CNS?

A

Shock absorption
Supports weight of brain
Nourishes and removes waste
Intercranial pressure buffer

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2
Q

What are the components of the anatomical region called the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe

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3
Q

What are teh 4 main anatomical regions of the brain?

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum

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4
Q

Cerebrum: location and function.

A

Largest part of brain (helmet)
Higher mental functions including memory and reason

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5
Q

What and where is the longitudinal fissure?

A

Sulcus that runs from front to back, dividing the brain into right and left hemispheres
End before cerebellum

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6
Q

What are sulci?

A

Grooves, valleys, wrinkles, deep

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7
Q

What are gyri?

A

Bumps, opposite of sulcus

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8
Q

What kind of matter is in the cerebral cortex?

A

Grey
White in inner layer

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9
Q

Where is the cerebral cortex?

A

Outer layer of cerebrum

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10
Q

What’s a fun fact about the integration of sensory information in teh cerebrum?

A

Contralateral, opposite side

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11
Q

What does gray matter include?

A

Neuroglial cells, cell bodies, unmyelinated axons

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12
Q

What does white matter include?

A

Myelinated axons

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13
Q

Main function of white matter?

A

Communication between areas of brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

What and where is the corpus callosum?

A

Band of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

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15
Q

What does teh central sulcus do?

A

Divides the frontal and parietal lobes

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16
Q

What are the 4 regions of teh cerebral hemisphere?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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17
Q

What does the lateral sulcus do?

A

Divide frontal and temporal lobes

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18
Q

Function of the temporal lobe?

A

Receives and integrates auditory and vestibular (balance) sensory information

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19
Q

What cortex does the temporal lobe contain?

A

Primary auditory cortex

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20
Q

Function for the occipital lobe?

A

Allow for visual interpretation

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21
Q

What cortex does the occipital lobe contain?

A

Primary visual reception area

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22
Q

Function of the parietal lobe?

A

Mediates ability to sense the position in space (spatial awareness, touch)

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23
Q

What cortex does the parietal lobe contain? Function?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex
Detecting sensation through skin and muscles

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24
Q

Function of the frontal lobe?

A

Higher cognitive functions like behaviour and emotions as other functions like:
Planning, organizing, personality, that vibe

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25
What cortex does the frontal lobe contain?
Prefrontal cortex -important for determining personality
26
Where is the primary motor cortex and function?
Just anterior to central sulcus Initiates voluntary muscle movement
27
What structures make up the brainstem?
Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata That order
28
Function of midbrain?
Contains center for visual and auditory reflexes
29
Function of the pons?
Link between (spinal cord and cerebellum) and (cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus) Regulates rate and depth of respiration
30
Function of medulla oblongata?
Controls breathing rate and depth of breathing Regulates blood volume Controls blood pressure
31
What structures in teh CNS affect breathing?
Respiratory center in teh pons and medulla
32
Function of the cerebellum?
Sensory motor coordination Receives proprioception and input from all higher motor centers
33
Function and located of superior colliculi?
Dorsal top midbrain Involved in Visual reflexes and tracking movement
34
Function and location of inferior colliculi?
Dorsal bottom midbrain Processing auditory information
35
What structures make up the diencephalon?
Hypothalamus Thalamus
36
How are teh nervous and endocrine system linked?
Hypothalamus controlling pituitary
37
What does the hypothalamus do?
Regulates: hunger, thirst, body temperature and autonomic NS Controls pituitary
38
What does the thalamus do?
Acts as sensory relay station Transmits sensory info to cortical areas
39
What does teh pituitary do?
Hormone production and regulation Controlled by hypothalamus Located inferior to hypothalamus
40
What are the layers of CNS protection?
Bones Cerebrospinal Fluid Blood brain barrier Meninges (dura, arachnoid, Pia)
41
What are teh optic components?
Optic nerves Optic chiasm Optic tracts From out to in
42
Function of optic nerves?
Carry sensory input from retina to optic chiasm
43
Function of optic chiasm?
Joining of the optic nerves and optic tracts, the x
44
Function of optic tracts?
Transmits visual information contra-laterally to thalamus-> further to primary visual cortex (occipital) and superior colliculi (visual reflexes)
45
Function and location of olfactory bulb?
Seen from inferior angle Front of brain, looks like a splat, above the nasal cavity Processes smell and olfactory sensory info
46
What is teh function of the cerebral aqueduct?
Allow th passage/transport of CSF from 3rd ventricle to 4th Within midbrain
47
What cranial nerve are we responsible for?
Optic Olfactory
48
Why is the midbrain visible in the ventral view of the sheep brain but not in the inferior view of the human brain?
Has to do with brain orientation In sheep: brain aligned horizontally with brainstem cuz of back/spinal position Humans: brain at an almost 90 degree angle with brainstem This affect visibility of the structure
49
What structure separates the midbrain into dorsal and ventral regions?
Cerebral aqueduct Squeezes through midbrain (connects 3rd ventricle to fourth)
50
Function of nerves in the PNS?
Located outside CNS Nerve fibers that carry info to and from the CNS
51
What are nerve fibers?
Bundles of axons
52
What are teh types of nerves?
Sensory: to CNS Motor: from CNS Mixed: both sensory and motor fibers
53
Function of tracts in the PNS?
In CNS Bundles of axons in CNS that communicate within CNS
54
What are teh types of tracts?
Ascending: sensory to brain Descending: motor from brain to body
55
What are the main layers of PNS nerves?
Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium
56
Function of endoneurium?
Wraps around each myelinated axon
57
Function of perineurium?
Wraps around groups of endoneurium to make an even bigger bundle Creates fascicle
58
Function of epineurium?
Wraps around groups of fascicles, forming the nerve
59
What type of tissue are endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium?
Connective tissue
60
Relationship between olfactory nerves and ethmoid bone?
Forms the passageway through which olfactory nerves pass to get to brain from nasal cavity
61
Where does teh pituitary lie?
In teh sella trucida of the sphenoid bone
62
Function of interventricular foramen?
2, one connecting each lateral ventricle to the 3rd Passage of CSF Circulation of CSF
63
What is the main pathway of CSF after leaving the 4th ventricle?
4th ventricle->subarachnoid space
64
How does the CSF get from the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?
Via the median aperture and lateral apertures
65
What’s the other pathway of CSF after it leaves teh 4th ventricles?
From 4th ventricle into central canal of spinal cord
66
Differences between neural pathways of voluntary somatic movement and autonomic responses?
Somatic: voluntary, somatic NS, voluntary muscles Autonomic: involuntary, autonomic NS, pre/post neurons involved, smooth/cardiac muscle, glands
67
When do you become aware that the patellar reflex has occurred?
After the fact, spinal reflex much faster than making it reach brain and back
68
Example fo somatic reflex and why?
Patellar reflex Use of voluntary muscle through involuntary response
69
Example of autonomic reflex and why?
Pupillary light reflex: pupillary contraction in response to light Baroreceptors reflex: blood pressure changes
70
Somatic and autonomic reflexes differ in effectors. How?
Somatic has voluntary muscles as receptors Autonomic has invol. Muscle like cardiac or smooth or glandular tissue

Anatomy (20 decks)

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