Lab 7: Blood

Question 1

What makes up teh formed elements of blood?

Answer 1

Erythrocytes
Platalets
Leukocytes

Question 2

What is blood composed of?

Answer 2

Plasma and formed elements

Question 3

What does blood plasma contain?

Answer 3

90% water
Salts
Plasma proteins

Question 4

Defining characteristics of basophils.

Answer 4

Rarest
Largest that contains granules that stain dark blue
Uninucleate
Nucleus stains blue-red
Contain anti-coagulant heparin
Shoudl make up 0-1% differential white blood cell count
Fights: parasites and allergies

Question 5

Defining characteristic of eosinophil.

Answer 5

Nucleus stains blue red
Cytoplasmic granules stain brick-red
Function: kills parasitic worms and plays role in allergy attacks
1-4% of differential white blood cell count

Question 6

Granulocytes vs Agranulocytes

Answer 6

Granulocytes: contain granules (digestive enzymes) in their cyto plasm that can be stained, have lobed nuclei
Agranulocytes: have no visible granules in cytoplasm, kidney/oval shaped nuclei

Question 7

Definition characteristics of neutrophils.

Answer 7

Most abundant leukocytes
Multilobed nucleus, stain dark purple
Cytoplasm stains light pink and contains fine granules
Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
Numbers increase during infection
Should make up 40-70% of WBC
Fight: bacteria and fungi

Question 8

Defining characteristics of monocytes.

Answer 8

Largest of leukocytes
Distance u/kidney shape
Act as macrophages when they migrate into tissues
Fight chronic infections
4-8% of WBC count

Question 9

Defining characteristic of lymphocytes.

Answer 9

Large dark purple nucleus, basically takes up whole cell
Slightly larger than RBC
Reside in lymphatic tissue and plays a role in immune response
20-45% of WBC count
Fights: viruses, tumours, produces antibodies

Question 10

Mnemonic for relative abundance of leukocytes

Answer 10

Never- Neutrophils
Let- lymphocytes
Monkeys- monocytes
Eat- eosinophils
Bananas- basophils

Question 11

What are the 3 stem cells that formed elements are derived from?

Answer 11

Hemocytoblasts become secondary stem cells:
Lymphoid stem cells: produce lymphocytes
Myeloid stem cells: produce erythrocytes, platelets, and teh rest of WBC

Question 12

Defining characteristics of platelets?

Answer 12

Fragments of multinucleate cells that contain residual organelles
Involved in clotting
Can be found single or in clusters
Lifespan of 10 days

Question 13

What are the normal hematocrit values for men and women?

Answer 13

Male: 36-50%, average 47%
Female: 37-47% average 41%

Question 14

What makes blood have a higher viscosity?

Answer 14

Higher RBC concentration

Question 15

What does hematocrit provide?

Answer 15

Percentage of blood volume made up of RBC

Question 16

Hematocrit formula?

Answer 16

Hematocrit = (height of RBC layer/total height of sample) x 100 for percentage

Question 17

Layers of a hematocrit?

Answer 17

RBC, Buffy coat and plasma (yellow)

Question 18

What is anemia? Hematocrit?

Answer 18

Low RBC count
Low hematocrit

Question 19

What is polycythemia? Hematocrit?

Answer 19

High RBC count
High hematocrit

Question 20

Function of ascending aorta?

Answer 20

Receives blood from left ventricle to aortic arch and coronary arteries (blood supply to heart)

Question 21

Function of aortic arch?

Answer 21

Receives blood from ascending aorta and distributes it to major arteries

Question 22

Function of thoracic aorta?

Answer 22

Receives blood from descending, has major organs branching out to supply blood to organs of the thorax

Question 23

Function of abdominal aorta?

Answer 23

Receives blood from thoracic aorta and has major arteries that supply the organs of teh abdominal cavity

Question 24

Function of the brachiocephalic trunk?

Answer 24

Extends from teh aortic arch and delivers to the right subclavian and right common carotid arteries

Question 25

Function of the subclavian arteries?

Answer 25

Recieve blood from either brachiocephalic trunk (right subclavian) or aortic arch (left subclavian) and deliver blood to arms

Question 26

Function of common carotid arteries?

Answer 26

Recieve blood from brachiocephalic trunk (right common carotid artery) or aortic arch (left common carotid artery) and supply neck and head

Question 27

Function of common iliac arteries?

Answer 27

Bifurcation (splitting) of abdominal artery into teh left and right, supplies pelvis and legs

Question 28

Function of common iliac veins?

Answer 28

Collects blood from pelvis and legs and brings to inferior vena cava

Question 29

Function superior vena cava?

Answer 29

Collects blood from top of body, diaphragm and up, and brings it to the right atrium

Question 30

Function inferior vena cava?

Answer 30

Collects blood from organs below the diaphragm and brings back to right atrium

Question 31

Function of pulmonary trunk?

Answer 31

Recieves blood from right ventricle and send to pulmonary circuit

Question 32

Function of pulmonary artery?

Answer 32

Recieves blood from pulmonary trunk and send to lungs for gas exchange

Question 33

Function of pulmonary veins?

Answer 33

Recieve blood from pulmonary capillaries and go to left atrium

Question 34

Why is there a difference between the thickness of ventricles?

Answer 34

Right ventricle pumps to teh pulmonary circuit Left ventricle pumps to systemic circuit, bigger therefore required much more pressure

Question 35

What can the consequences be of a valve not working as it should?

Answer 35

If theres an ineffective valve blood could mix or there could be backflow, both reducing the Hearts efficiency at pumping Can also lead to congestive heart failure

Question 36

What happens when teh right heart fails?

Answer 36

Peripheral congestion Fluid accumulates in body Edema in extremities

Question 37

What happens when teh left heart fails?

Answer 37

Pulmonary congestion Fluid backs up into the lungs Patient drowns

Question 38

What are the phases of a cardiac cycle?

Answer 38

1: atrial diastole 2: atrial systole 3: isovolumetric contraction 4: ventricular systole 5: isovolumetric relaxation