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4d PNS Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS
Central and peripheral

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2
Q

What constitutes the CNS?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Integrates incoming information and coordinates all voluntary and involuntary nervous functions

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3
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

Ganglia
Nerves that branch from the CNS
Keeps the CNS in contact with the rest of the body

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4
Q

What types of nerves make up the PNS and what are their functions?

A

Cranial: take impulses to and from the brain and brain stem
Spinal: take impulses to and away from the spinal cord
Ganglia: collections of nerve cell bodies
Basically all bring information back to brain tracts

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5
Q

In which system are tracts found?

A

Central

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6
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

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7
Q

How are cranial nerve organized/categorized?

A

By name and number

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8
Q

What region do these nerves typically serve?

A

Head and neck (cervical and neck region)
Exception: nerve 10, vagus nerve, extends to the thoracic and abdominal cavity

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9
Q

What does it mean for cranial nerves to be mixed?

A

They contain both motor and sensory nerves

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10
Q

What cranial nerves are purely sensory?

A

1: olfactory
2: optic
8: vestibulocochlear

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11
Q

What pair of cranial nerves extend beyond the head and neck region?

A

Vagus nerve

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12
Q

What do the motor fibres in the vagus nerves do?

A

Parasympathetic fibres
Signal to the heart, lungs, abdominal viscera (heart rate, breathing and digestion)

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13
Q

What do the sensory fibres in the Vagus Nerves do?

A

Carry impulses from thoracic and abdominal viscera, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and taste buds of posterior tongue and pharynx

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14
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Begin: foramen magnum (hole in vertebrae at base of neck)
Ends: first or second lumbar vertebra

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15
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

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16
Q

Are spinal nerves mixed? What does that mean?

A

Yes, they are mixed
Have both sensory and motor nerves

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17
Q

How are spinal nerves named/categorized?

A

According to where they emerge from (ie: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, cauda equina)

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18
Q

What is the Cauda Equina?

A

Collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end

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19
Q

Where is white matter in the spinal cord (more superficial or deep)?

A

Superficial

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20
Q

Where is the dorsal root ganglion located (anterior or posterior)?

A

Posterior/dorsal
Good indication of which view you are in

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21
Q

What does it mean to reference the dorsal/lateral/ventral horn of gray matter?

A

Gray matter, found deep in the vertebrae, kind of have a butterfly shape. The specific horns refer to which end of the wings you refer to

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22
Q

What is gray matter in the spinal cord mainly composed of?

A

Cell bodies

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23
Q

What specifically can be found in the dorsal horns of the gray matter?

A

Cell bodies of interneurons
Receive information from sensory neurons in the dorsal root

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24
Q

Where is the dorsal root located?

A

Medial to the dorsal root ganglion

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25
Is the dorsal root ganglion a part of the spinal cord?
No
26
Interneurons in the spinal cord communicate with sensory neurons in the dorsal root. Where specifically are the interneurons and cell bodies of sensory neurons found?
Interneurons: dorsal horns Cell bodies of sensory neurons: dorsal root ganglion -> distinction: the site of communication between interneurons and sensory neurons occurs at the cell body of the interneurons but at the axon terminal of the sensory neuron, so it makes sense that the cell body is further out
27
What can be found in ventral horns?
Cell bodies or motor neurons of the somatic (voluntary) nervous system
28
What do motor neurons pass to send information to the somatic nervous system? Hint: they start in the gray matter of the spinal cord
Ventral root
29
What surrounds the central canal? What is it filled with?
Surrounded by gray matter Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
30
What is the white matter of the spinal cord composed of?
Myelinated fibre tracts
31
Define the directions of sensory and motor tracts.
Sensory tracts: conduct impulses toward brain Motor tracts: carry impulses from brain to skeletal muscles
32
Where exactly does a spinal nerve begin? Describe that geography.
From the spinal cord, the dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion leave the dorsal side, the ventral root leaves the ventral side, and the come together to from the spinal nerve
33
How long is the true spinal nerve?
Only about a centimetre long
34
What does the spinal nerve separate into?
Ventral and dorsal ramus
35
What does “ramus” mean?
Branch of a spinal nerve containing both motor and sensory fibres
36
What are the three types of rami types we know?
Dorsal rami Ventral rami (t1-t12) Ventral rami (EXCEPT t1-t12)
37
What are the dorsal rami in control of?
Serve the skin and muscles of the posterior trunk
38
What does the ventral rami of T1-T12 control?
Forms the intercostal nerves that supply muscles and skin of the ribs and trunk
39
What do the ventral rami excluding T1-T12 control?
Form a complex network/plexus of sensory and motor nerves for the limbs Ventral rami extend from a single nerve and join with axons from adjacent nerves to form a plexus (kinda looks like a braid)
40
What is a plexus?
A network, an interconnection, of sensory and motor fibres that form new combinations as the peripheral nerves
41
What are the 4 voluntary plexuses and what do they control?
Cervical plexus: posterior head, neck, shoulders and diaphragm Brachial plexus: upper limbs, some neck, shoulder muscles Lumbar plexus: abdominal wall, external genitals, part of the lower limbs Sacral plexus: buttocks, perineum, lower limbs
42
The PNS is divided into sensory and motor. Motor can be further divided into what sub categories?
Somatic Nervous System: stimulates skeletal (voluntary) muscle Autonomic Nervous System: controls muscles in heart, smooth muscle in internal organs such as intestines, bladder and uterus (involuntary)
43
What is teh main purpose of the autonomic nervous system?
Maintain the internal environment of the human body in homeostasis, especially after trauma Reacts to internal/external changes by regulating things like: blood pressure, heart rate, vascular sal concentrations
44
What to the autonomic and somatic sub divisions have in common?
Both involve reflexes and connections to the CNS Both use unipolar and multipolar sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons
45
What do the autonomic and somatic systems differ in?
In the effectors In their efferent pathways In their target organ responses to their neurotransmitter
46
Where do motor neuron cell bodies originate for the somatic nervous system? Autonomic?
Somatic: in the CNS Autonomic: chain of 2 motor neurons -preganglionic neuron is in the brain/spinal cord -postganglionic neuron extends to the organ
47
What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic: fight or flight -exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment (E) Parasympathetic: rest and digest -digest, defecate, diuresis (D)
48
What do cholinergic nerve fibres release? Type of effects?
Acetylcholine Stimulatory effect on skeletal muscle Inhibitory effect on cardiac muscle
49
What do adrenergic nerve fibres release? Effect?
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, or dopamine Effect: fight or flight response -increase heart rate, increase blood flow to skeletal muscle, increase breakdown of glucose stores (causing spike)
50
What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have in common?
Both operate continuously along with the rest of the nervous system -they dont switch on and off when required but rather respond at various degrees to info provided by sensory system
51
Under what circumstance does parasympathetic dominate? Sympathetic?
Parasympathetic: times of emotional calm, physical rest Sympathetic: stressful times
52
Where is the thoracolumbar division located?
Between the thoracic and lumbar regions
53
What types of neurons originate from T1 to L2? Where do they go?
Preganglionic motor neurons Pass through a ramus communicants to enter a sympathetic trunk ganglion
54
Where is the sympathetic trunk located?
Lies near the spinal cord Runs down the length of the spinal cord on both sides, connects 22 pairs of ganglia
55
How many pairs of ganglia make up the sympathetic trunk ganglia?
22 pairs
56
What happens in the sympathetic division after the preganglionic neuron synapses at the ganglion?
It may synapse with a postganglionic neuron at the same or different level Or is may pass through the ganglion without synapsing and form part of the splanchnic nerves
57
What do splanchnic nerves do?
Travel to the collateral ganglion
58
What do collateral ganglia do?
Serve the abdominal and pelvic organs
59
What do sympathetic pathways do?
Trigger a response in the body, mobilize it
60
What types of fibres do preganglionic and postganglionic neurons have?
Preganglionic: cholinergic fibres Postganglionic: adrenergic fibres
61
Is there a size difference in preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions? Why?
Yes Parasympathetic: originate in cranium (craniosacral) and has to make its way to effector organ. Results it long preganglionic and short post Sympathetic: originates in thoracic region (thoracolumnar) and are not far from the sympathetic ganglion trunk where they synapse. Then they synapse with post ganglionic neuron, which is farther. Results in short pre long post
62
What structures only receive input from the sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenal glands, skin, blood vessels
63
What’s another name for the sympathetic division?
Thoracolumbar
64
What’s another name for the parasympathetic division?
Craniosacral
65
In the parasympathetic division, where do preganglionic neurons originate?
Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10 III, VII, IX ,X S2 through S4 regions of the sacral spinal cord
66
What so preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system synapse with?
Terminal ganglia, from there postganglionic axons extend to organs
67
What is the purpose of a parasympathetic pathway?
To conserve energy and relax
68
Where are the autonomic/terminal ganglia located in the parasympathetic pathway? What does this result in?
On or near the effector organ Results in a long preganglionic neuron and a short postganglionic neuron
69
What do pre and postganglionic neurons have in common in the parasympathetic pathway?
Cholinergic fibres
70
By what division of the autonomic nervous system are body organs served? Exceptions?
Receive fibres from both divisons Blood vessels, structures of the skin, some glands, adrenal medulla -only receive sympathetic fibres
71
What happens when both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems serve the same organ?
They cause antagonistic effects due to the release of different neurotransmitters
72
What neurotransmitter is released at the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
Both release acetylcholine
73
What neurotransmitter is released from post ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
Para: cholinergic fibres release acetylcholine again Sym: adrenergic fibres release norepinephrine instead of
74
What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system throughout the body?
Fight flight freeze Dilation of pupils and airways Increase heart rate, force of contraction, blood pressure and respiratory rate Decrease flow to non essential organs (ie. digestive) Increase flow to skeletal and cardiac muscle Increase blood glucose levels Also activates adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
75
What effects does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the body?
Basically the opposite effects of the sympathetic Most active in the bodys restorative processes Dominant when individual is relaxed and non-threatened -Promoting normal digestion -Elimination of feces and urine -Conserving and storing body energy -Decreasing demand on cardiovascular system
76
What does the corpus callosum do?
Connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain
77
Where do spinal nerves extend?
Between vertebrae
78
Which nerves does the cervical plexus include?
C1-C4
79
Which nerves does teh brachial plexus include?
C5-T1
80
WHich nerves does the lumbar plexus include?
L1-L4
81
Which nerves does the sacral plexus include?
L4-S5

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