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Micro5 > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What objective lens should only be used for oil immersion and bacteria spears?

A

100x

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2
Q

What should you do to put away a microscope?

A
  • turn nosepiece to empty slot
    Lower stage to lowest position
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3
Q

What objective should you use the course focus knob?

A

10x ONLY; go all the way up until clear

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4
Q

The circle of light is

A

The field of view

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5
Q

When should the iris diaphram be closed?

A

When the specimen is dyed lightly ; it’s more translucent

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6
Q

Which micropipetters have yellow tips

A

P-20 & P-200

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7
Q

P-20 range

A

2-20

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8
Q

P-200 range

A

20-200 microliters

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9
Q

P-1000 rang,e

A

100-1000 microliters

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10
Q

P-1000 tips are

A

Blue

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11
Q

Why do we release the plunger slowly?

A

To prevent liquid from splashing up and contaminating the shaft
- reduce air bubbles

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12
Q

What angle should you hold a micropipetter?

A

Always straight up

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13
Q

Why should you wait -2 seconds before withdrawing tip from the liquid?

A

To ensure the right amount of liquid is picked up ( correct volume)

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the second stop?

A

To expel the remaining liquid

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15
Q

Where do slides go?

A

In the used slide box of water

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16
Q

Where do coverslips go?

A

Broken glass box

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17
Q

What needs to be done before placing slides on the lab cart?

A

Remove the ink and any writing

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18
Q

What do you place on the back counter?

A

Sterile/ clean supplies
- micropipetters
- tip boxes
- prepared slides

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19
Q

What does contaminated mean?

A

Unwanted microorganisms; when a pure media has more than one microorganism present

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20
Q

How do you label a plate

A

Initials, date, section, description of experiment

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21
Q

Where do you label a peri dish and why?

A

On the bottom where the agar is - if you lose the lid you can still know what you are working with

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22
Q

Pure culture

A

Only one microorganism

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23
Q

Sterilization

A

Killing all microorganisms

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24
Q

Where does broken glass go? Contaminated?

A

Regular = Broken glass box

Contaminated = biohazard bag

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25
Q

Steps to clean a bacterial spill

A
  1. Inform instructor/ lab partners and remove all items out of the way
  2. Circle with microban
  3. Place paper towels on top of spill
  4. Drench paper towels with microban
  5. Using gloves, place into a biohazard bag
  6. Repeat steps 2-5 at least once
  7. Wash your hands
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26
Q

Culture media

A

Nutrient solutions used to grow microbes in the lab

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27
Q

What is Aseptic techniques?

A

Steps or procedures to prevent contamination

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28
Q

Why should the lip of test tubes be sterilized?

A

To decontaminate the lip and to create no air flow so bacteria doesn’t get in

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29
Q

What angle should you hold test tubes when transferring one media from another?

A

45 degrees ; to prevent bacteria from entering and to make it easier to put loop inside

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30
Q

How are peri plates placed inside the incubator? Why?

A

Upside down; lid facing down to prevent contamination

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31
Q

Why do you move the inoculation loop from handle to loop?

A

To reduce aerosols

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32
Q

How many times do you flame the lip of the test tube?

A

2- right after opening and before closing

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33
Q

How far should you insert the loop into the test tube?

A

Just below the surface @ the 45 degree angle

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34
Q

Where should you do ALL transferring media to another and transferring media to a peri plate?

A

Near the Bunsen burner ; it’s the sterile area

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35
Q

Aerosols

A

Spray of bacteria

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36
Q

Ubiquitous means

A

Present or existing everywhere

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37
Q

Why did we leave one plate unopened in the ubiquity lab?

A

For a negative control ; showing if we did the experiment correctly

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38
Q

Colony

A

Visible mass of microbial cells arising from one cell or from a group of the same microbes

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39
Q

Colony morphology

A

Distinguishes one microb from another ; shape, color, size, texture

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40
Q

Where did the bacteria from plate A in the ubiquity lab?

A

Microbes were in the air from water, soil, skin, floor

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41
Q

Why is post washing have more colonies then the pre washing?

A
  • skin cells scratched off
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42
Q

Singular bacteria

A

Bacterium

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43
Q

What is the technique used to isolate colonies?

A

Streak plate

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44
Q

What is the process of isolating colonies?

A

Dilution

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45
Q

How many times do you dip into the original bacterium you want to isolate?

A

Once

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46
Q

True or false

You close the lid every time you are waiting for loop to cool down

A

True; it prevents unwanted microorganisms from going in

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47
Q

How many times do you go back in a zone when streak plating?

A

Twice for 2& 3 and once for zone 4

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48
Q

How do you smear culture onto media

A

Smear zigzags by holding loop flat against the agar

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49
Q

True or false

You sterilize inoculating loop once during streak plating

A

False; you flame sterilize in between each zone and inoculate before starting

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50
Q

What are the 3 kingdoms in the eukaryotes lab?

A

Fungi, protists, helminths

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51
Q

Reproductive capabilities of fungi

A

Reproduce sexually and asexually via spore

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52
Q

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

A

Secrete digestive enzymes outside their body and absorb the nutrients

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53
Q

What fungi is unicellular?

A

Yeast

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54
Q

Hyphae

A

Long filaments of cells that make up the body of fungus

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55
Q

Aerial hyphae

A

Involved in reproduction by bearing reproduction spores

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56
Q

What is a bud?

A

A cell sharing its nucleus to create another cell attached to it

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57
Q

Where can saccharomyces (yeast) be found?

A

Seen as white powdery coating on fruits and vegetables

58
Q

Asexual spores

A

Formed by hyphae of one organism

59
Q

Sexual spores

A

Fusion of nuclei from 2 fungi

60
Q

Asexual spores include

A

Condiospores and sporangiospores

61
Q

Sporangia

A

Sac held up by sporangiophores

62
Q

Sporangiophores

A

Specialized hyphae where sporangia are supported

63
Q

What is the difference between condiospores and sporangiospores

A

Condiospores not in a sac (enclosed)

64
Q

Vegetative hyphae

A

Digest and absorb nutrients

65
Q

Genus of fungi

A

Saccharomyces, penicillium, rhizopus, aspergillus, coccidiodes

66
Q

Genus of helminths

A

Trichinella, clonorchis, Echinococcus

67
Q

Genus of protists

A

Plasmodium, trichomonas, trypanosoma

68
Q

Are fungi motile?

A

No- they are nonmotile

69
Q

Mycosis

A

A fungal infection

70
Q

What is the dangers of rhizopus?

A

Can cause systemic mycosis

71
Q

Systemic mycosis

A

Fungal infection deep in tissues and organs ; widely spread

72
Q

Local mycosis

A

Fungal infection in one area

73
Q

What are the dangers of aspergillus?

A

Causes aspergillosis

74
Q

How are most fungal infections acquired by people?

A

Inhalation of spores

75
Q

What genuses have Condiospores and condiophores ?

A

Aspergillus and penicillium

76
Q

Where is aspergillus found?

A

Compost ; dead leaves and decaying matter

77
Q

What disease does coccidioides cause?

A

Valley fever

78
Q

What type of environment do coccidioides thrive in?

A

Dry alkaline soil

79
Q

What are Protozoa?

A

Unicellular heterotrophic organisms ( part of eukaryotes)

80
Q

Where do Protozoa live?

A

Water, soil, animal hosts

81
Q

How do Protozoa reproduce s

A

Sexually and asexually

82
Q

What human disease is cause by trypanosomes?

A

Chagas disease

83
Q

How are trypanosomes transmitted to humans?

A

Kissing bug bite

84
Q

What disease is caused by plasmodium?

A

Malaria

85
Q

Intermediate host

A

An organism that supports the immature or nonreproductive form of a parasite

86
Q

Definitive host

A

Host in which the sexual reproduction of a parasite takes place - larvae are here

87
Q

How is plasmodium transmitted?

A

Anopheles mosquito

88
Q

What cells are affected by plasmodium?

A

Red blood cells, liver cells

89
Q

How is trichomonas transmitted?

A

Sexual intercourse

90
Q

What disease does trichomonas cause

A

Vaginitis

91
Q

How do helminths feed?

A

Absorb nutrients from hosts body

92
Q

What is the definitive host and intermediate host for echinococcus

A

Dog tapeworm - definitive
Human - intermediate

93
Q

What is a proglottid

A

Segment of tapeworm where male and female reproductive organs are

94
Q

How do humans get infected with echinococcus

A

Through dog licks or picking up dog feces

95
Q

Function of scolex in echinococcus

A

Attach to intestines of definitive host to stay in place

96
Q

Where do clonorchis live in the host

A

Liver

97
Q

How do humans contract clonorchis and trichinella (round worm)

A

Eating undercooked meat

98
Q

What muscles are affected by trichinellosis?

A

The diaphragm and eye muscles

99
Q

Definitive host of trichinella

A

Roundworm

100
Q

What region of the world do clonorchis live

A

Asia (china)

101
Q

Where do the eggs of helminths usually go?

A

Excreted through feces of definitive host

102
Q

Mycelium

A

Mass of vegetative hyphae

103
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A

Coccus, bacillus, spirillum

104
Q

Coccus

A

Round shaped

105
Q

Bacillus

A

Rod shaped

106
Q

Spirillum

A

Spirillum shaped

107
Q

Arrangements of bacteria

A

Pair: diplococcus, diplobacillus
Cluster: staphylococcus
Chains - streptococcus’ streptobacillus

108
Q

Spirillum under microscope looks like

A

Tiny pale pink worm like

109
Q

True motility

A

Directional, independent movement

110
Q

Brownian movement

A

A vibratory movement of cells due to their bombardment by water molecules in the suspension

111
Q

Heat fixing

A

Kills bacteria, making them adhere to the slide, maintaining their cell structure

112
Q

How do you heat fix?

A

You pass the slide through the flame 3 times

113
Q

What happens when the bacteria spear is not dry before you heat fix?

A

Cells will burst

114
Q

Are bacteria negatively or positively charged?

A

Negative charge

115
Q

Simple stain steps

A
  1. Sterilize loop, wait 30 seconds and put water droplet onto the slide
  2. Grab bacterium and smear the size of a quarter
  3. Sterilize loop and let slide dry
  4. Heat fix ( put slide through flame 3 times)
  5. Add crystal violet, wait 30 seconds and wet with water and pat dry
116
Q

Simple stain

A

Use of a single basic dye

117
Q

Example of basic dye

A

Crystal violet

118
Q

Basic dye is

A

A cation

119
Q

Acidic dye

A

An anion

120
Q

Why do you rinse a slide above it?

A

If you spray directly on the bacterium it will wash it off

121
Q

Positive stain

A

Dye sticks to the specimen baking it purple

122
Q

Negative stain

A

Colors the background, making the capsule more visible

123
Q

What is the purpose of hanging drop?

A

Observe true motility versus brownian movement

124
Q

What color are bacteria in hanging drop?

A

Colorless because there is no stain

125
Q

What structures allow a bacteria to move?

A

Flagella and axial filaments

126
Q

Steps for a hanging drop

A
  1. Pot Vaseline on the 4 corners of cover slip
  2. Using aseptic techniques put a culture on the center of coverslip
  3. Grab depression slide and place over coverslip
127
Q

What does gram stain do?

A

It distinguishes between two different kinds of bacteria cell walls

128
Q

What are the 2 classifications of gram staining?

A

Positive and negative gram stain

129
Q

Differential stain

A

A stain that distinguishes objects on the basis of reaction to the staining

130
Q

Gram positive will be

A

Purple

131
Q

Gram negative will be

A

Red/ pink

132
Q

Why does a gram positive remain purple

A

Think layer of peptidoglycan hold a primary stain

133
Q

Primary stain in gram staining

A

Crystal violet

134
Q

Mordant in gram staining

A

Iodine

135
Q

Decolorizing agent in gram staining

A

Ethanol

136
Q

Counterstain/ second stain in gram staining

A

Safranin

137
Q

Why does gram staining not work with old dead cells?

A

The positive gram will eventually turn to a negative stain

138
Q

When does gram staining work best?

A

With young bacteria (less than 24 hours)

139
Q

Why does gram negative get washed away?

A

Ethanol dissolved the outer membrane and crystal violet - iodine complex wash out due to having a thin peptidoglycan

140
Q

What does ethanol do negative gram?

A

Disrupts the outer lipopysaccaride layer

Micro5 (14 decks)

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