Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro5 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Occurs w/in same generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vertical gene transfer

A

Happens across generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gene

A

Sequence of dna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gene = dna = chromosomes

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bacteria chromosomes (genome) consist of

A

Genes
- non coding dna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Sugar
Base - purine & pyrimidines
Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What make sup a dna backbone

A

Sugar and phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak bond b/w protons and an electronegative atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis crick discovered what about dna

A

Dimensions of x-ray to figure out base pairings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What base pairs match with each other
-Thymine
- Adenine
- Guanine
-Cytosine

A

Adenine - Thymine
➡️ 2 H+ bonds

Cytosine - Guanine
➡️ 3 H+ bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DNA strands run anti-parallel to one another

TRUE or FALSE

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

5- end of dna ends with

A

Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3- end of dna ends with

A

Sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is DNA considered semi conservative

A

An old strand is always providing the template sequence for a new strand

  • old strand of dna is always paired with a new one.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Origin of replication

A

The area in which replication is initiated (starts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Replication bubble

A

Contains 2 replication forks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds the dna @ replication forks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Releases tension of strain ahead of replication fork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Single stranded binding protein (SBP)

A

Stops dna strands from rebinding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Primase

A

Synthesizes (creates) RNA primers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

RNA primer

A

Gives starting point for DNA polymerase to add new nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

DNA pol 3

A

➡️ sequences new dna strand by linking nucleotides w/ phosphodiester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What direction does dna Pol 3 work from

A

ONLY 5- to 3-

— adding nucleotides to the 3OH end of rna primer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA structure?

A

RNA has 2 oh and DNA has 1 oh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Leading strand

A
  • continuous in 5- to 3- direction
  • only needs one rna primer to start off
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lagging strand

A
  • synthesized in small fragments (Okazaki fragments)
  • needs multiple rna primers that get replaced with DNA Pol 1 and joined back together with DNA ligase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

DNA POL 1

A

Removes rna primers and replaces it with dna on lagging strand (Okazaki fragments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins dna fragments together on lagging strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why are proteins so important?

A

They are used for everything!!!
- do many cellular processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Structure of amino acids

A
  • amino group
  • carboxyl group
  • Side Chain (r group)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

R group

A
  • side chain
    ➡️ different in each protein Therfore gives its unique function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

dehydration

A

(H2O lost)

Monomer ➡️ polymer

  • builds a polymer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Hydrolysis

A

(Adding of H20)

  • breaks down polymer

Polymer ➡️ monomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Amino Acids are connected via

A

Peptide bonds — covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Transcription

A

Gene sequence is copied from DNA to molecule called MRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Promoter (Transcription)

A

DNA sequence present for each gene that initiates transcription of a specific gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Synthesizes messenger RNA during transcription

  • binds to promoter unwinding DNA (few nucleotides at a time)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

RNA polymerase is able to find the promoter by the help of what protein

A

Sigma factors - help rna polymerase bind to promoter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What direction does RNA polymerase make the mRNA travel

A

5- to 3- direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Terminator sequence

A

RNA polymerase pops off releasing mRNA strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

“Hairpin” structure regarding RNA

A

Stops transcription by causing rna to close in on itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Template strand

A

Provides dna sequence
- it is being transcribed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

RNA transcript

A

Messenger rna
- follows the coding strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

No template strand / coding strand

A

Is not transcribed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Translation

A

“Switching languages”

  • genes sequence is now encoded in mRNA, which directs the production of a protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Difference between dna replication and Transcription/ translation?

A

DNA replication - unwinds the entire genome

Translation/transcription - works with only one single gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Codon

A

3 nucleotides that code for a amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

All mRNA start with a start codon and end with a stop codon

TRUE or FALSE

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Redundant

A

One amino acid codes for many different codons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Ambiguous

A

Each codon only specifies one amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Genetic code is ambiguous or redundant?

A

Redundant = many codons can code for one amino acid
- this allows room for error (buffer to mutations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Highly conserved sequence

A

One that has remained relatively unchanged far back up the phylogenetic tree, and hence h far back in geological time

Ex) the pig with glowing nose and feet and the tobacco plant that glows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Ribosome parts

A

Large subunit (50s)
- e site
- p site
- a site
Small subunit (30s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

tRNA

A

Reading codon to code for right amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

tRNA is found where on a ribosome

A

P site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

tRNA structure (what is included)

A

Amino acid
- anticodon = recognizes codon on mRNA

58
Q

Polyribosomes

A

Multiple ribosomes that can translate the same mRNA at once

59
Q

Shine dalgarno sequence

A

Sequences to initiate translation with the use of
polycistronic RNA = codes for several polypeptides

60
Q

What is needed for translation to occur

A

mRNA
tRNA w/ amino acid
Ribosome

61
Q

Starting amino acid binds to what site on the ribosome

A

The p site

62
Q

New tRNA binds to which site

A

A site of ribosome

63
Q

Translocation step of translation

A

Ribosome moves in 5- to 3- direction

  • moving peptide chain to p site from A site
    E site releases the tRNA that came from a site
64
Q

When stop codon reached in translation what happens

A

Release factor binds instead of tRNA
- polypeptide chain is released from tRNA

65
Q

Gene expression in bacteria

A

Very quick!!!
- no mRNA processing
- no nucleolus therefore no mRNA needed
- mRNA is able to be translated while being transcribed

66
Q

What is more stable dna or rna

A

DNA
- has double helix that are not exposed allowing them to bond together

67
Q

Gene expression

A

Transcription and translation of a gene to produce a protein

68
Q

Translocation helps maintain reading frame when shifting to the next

TRUE or FALSE

A

True

69
Q

Reading frame

A

mRNA reads in 3 nucleotides at a time (Codon)

70
Q

Genes that are constitutively active means they are always on

A

True

71
Q

Operon

A

Functioning unit of dna containing a cluster of genes whose products function in a common community
(Get regulated together)

72
Q

Why would using an operon be useful to a bacterial cell?

A

It saves time and energy by grouping them together

73
Q

Regulatory gene on dna

A

Codes for repressor

74
Q

Promoter on dna

A

Where rna polymerase binds to start transcription

75
Q

Operator site on dna

A

The on/off switch

76
Q

Repressor

A

Protein that binds to operator blocking RNA Pol

77
Q

How does the repressor protein change its shape?

A
  • binding of a co-repressor

Binds to repressor ➡️ binds to operator ➡️ stops transcription

78
Q

Binding of operon tryptophan (TRP) to the repressor

A

Is repressible

79
Q

Repressible

A

Turns off when tryptophan is present

80
Q

As the amount of tryptophan increases the trp operon will

A

Decrease in expression

81
Q

If the operator in the trap operon were mutated to a different dna sequence (meaning the trp repressor couldn’t bind anymore) what would happen?

A

Genes that make tryptophan will always be on

  • it is always on until repressor binds to operator
82
Q

Lac operon

A

Enzymes that break down lactose

83
Q

E. coli prefers what glucose or lactose

A

Glucose : it is easier to breakdown

84
Q

Inducible operon

A

Turns on when lactose is present

85
Q

No transcription with lac operon

A

Lactose not present therefore allolactose not present

86
Q

Transcription with lac operon present

A

Lactose present therefore allolactose present

87
Q

When allolactose is blinded to repressor can it bind to operator

A

No- it stops it from binding to operator

88
Q

Negative control of operons

A

Blocks transcription at certain times using repressor

89
Q

Positive control of operon

A

Activating transcription at certain times using activators

90
Q

Crp

A

Volume switch of lac operon transcription

91
Q

When Camp is binded to crp repressor means

A

It can bind to crp site

92
Q

When Camp is not binded to crp repressor it means

A

It can not bind to crp site

93
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Ability of bacteria to communicate and coordinate behavior via signaling molecules

94
Q

Auto inducers

A

Signaling molecule

95
Q

Bacteria secrete and respond to autoinducers

A
96
Q

Mutation

A

Change in nucleotide sequence

97
Q

DNA mutations can cause no change, positive change or a negative change

True or False

A

True

98
Q

Base substitution (point mutation)

A

Single base replaced w/ different base in dna

99
Q

What are the 3 types of base substitution mutations

A

Silent
Missense
Nonsense

100
Q

Silent mutation

A

Mutation that still codes for same amino acid

  • error didn’t cause an issue
101
Q

Missense mutation

A

Mutation changes codon to code for different amino acid

102
Q

What are the two types of Missense mutation

A

Conservative & non conservative

103
Q

Conservative Missense mutation

A

New amino acid is not chemically different

104
Q

Non conservative Missense mutation

A

New amino acid is chemically different

105
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Mutation changes amino acid codon to stop codon

  • results in nonfunctional protein
106
Q

Insertions

A

Inserts more nucleotides

  • disrupts the reading frame (frame shift)
107
Q

Deletions

A

Deletes nucleotid

108
Q

Does deletions disrupt the reading frame?

A

No- reading frame is not disrupted when in multiple of 3

109
Q

Reading frame

A

Correct 3 nucleotide grouping of codons in mRNA

110
Q

Spontaneous mutations

A

Accidental mistakes when dna replicates itself that are not corrected

111
Q

What are 4 causes of dna mutations

A
  • spontaneous mutations
  • ultra violet radiation in sunlight
  • exposure to Chemical mutagens
    -intercalating agents
112
Q

Ultra violet radiation in sunlight causes what in dna mutations

A

Causes “bulge” in dna

113
Q

Mutagens

A

Agents that directly or indirectly bring about mutations

114
Q

Exposure to chemical mutagens causes what

A

Change in structure making base pairs bind to the wrong base pair

115
Q

Intercalating agents

A

Mutagen that insert itself into dna structure

  • can cause insertion/ deletion of dna sequence
116
Q

What type of mutation can result from an insertion/deletion?

A

Frameshift mutation

117
Q

Mismatch pair regarding dna repair

A

Specific enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides

118
Q

Nuclease

A

DNA cutting enzyme

119
Q

Natural mutations can help an organism to adapt to

A

Their environment

120
Q

DNA repair for mismatch repair

A

Nuclease cuts out damaged portion of dna and then the dna polymerase repairs it. Ligase then goes in to seal the gaps together

121
Q

Importance of synthetic mutations ( create in lab)

A

Learn more about cellular processes

122
Q

ComER gene plays important role in biofilm formation and sporulation in

A

Bacillus subtilis and bacillus cereus

123
Q

When and why would it be beneficial to an organism to increase genetic variation?

A

When the environment Dosnt change

124
Q

DNA transfer by transformation - horizontal gene transfer

A

DNA released into environment by dead cells and taken up by recipient cell

125
Q

Fredrick Griffith experiment

A

Inserted smooth & rough strain of streptococcus pneumoniae into mice

126
Q

Smooth strain of streptococcus pneumoniae in Griffith experiment was _____

A

Virulent - caused disease

127
Q

Rough strain of streptococcus pneumoniae in Griffith experiment was ______

A

Nonvirulent - did not cause disease

128
Q

What component made the smooth colony more virulent than the rough?

A

The capsule

129
Q

Transformasome

A

Helps the cell take up dna in same competent bacteria

130
Q

Competent

A

Able to take up dna across their cell wall and membrane via transformation

131
Q

What cell is considered competent the donor or recipient

A

Recipient cell

132
Q

Transformation

A

Taking up dna from the environment

133
Q

Homologous recombination

A

Mechanism to integrate linear dna

  • similar dna sequences line up and exchange sequences b/w them
134
Q

linear dna can be _______ or ________

A

Corporated into genome

Not incorporated- broken down

135
Q

Plasmid dna is ______ in cell

A

Retained - not incorporated into cell

136
Q

Plasmid dna can replicate on its own w/ its own origin or replication

True or false

A

True

137
Q

Horizontal gene transfer: conjugation

A

DNA transferred between 2 prokaryotes via conjunction pilus

138
Q

Steps of conjugation gene transfer

A
  1. Sex pilus forms between f+ and f-
  2. Mating bridge forms as f+ pulls f- closer
  3. One plasmid strand goes from f+ to f-
  4. Plasmids replicate (in both) so now they are both F+
139
Q

F+ means

A

It is “fertile”

  • plasmid contains the f factor
140
Q

F factor in plasmid

A

Information needed to perform conjunction

141
Q

F plasmids can carry genes for antibiotic resistance and cellular toxins

True or false

A

True
Resistance factors (R factors) are plasmids w/ medical importance

Micro5 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions