Large Animal Infectious Lecture Review

Question 1

What is BRD?

Answer 1

Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

Question 2

What makes up BRD?

Answer 2

IBR: Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis : Bovine herpes virus 1
BVD: Bovine viral diarrhea virus
PI3: Parainfluenza-3 virus
BRSV: Bovine respiratory syncytial virus

Question 3

What is the primary symptom of BRD?

Answer 3

Fever and eventual development of bacterial pneumonia

Question 4

Is there a vaccine for BRD? What is the treatment?

Answer 4

Yes. Antimicrobial therapy for secondary bacterial pneumonia - otherwise supportive care

Question 5

What is BVDV?

Answer 5

Bovine Diarrhea Virus

Question 6

In relation to BVDV what is PI?

Answer 6

Persistently Infected calves.

Question 7

How are PI patients produced and why are they a problem?

Answer 7

PI animals are produced when a fetus is infected while partially immunocompetent, thus recognizing the viral cells as self and not mounting an immune response; PI animals tend to never reach their productive potential, exhibiting stunted growth, reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to other diseases as well as providing a always present “patient zero” for the herd.

Question 8

Is there a vaccine for BVDV?

Answer 8

Yes, the main goal of this vaccine is to minimize respiratory disease secondary to BVD and prevent occurrence of PI animals.

Question 9

What are clostridia?

Answer 9

They are relatively large, anaerobic, spore forming, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacterial organisms. That are found either as living cells (vegetative forms) or as dormant spores with their natural habitats are soils and intestinal tracts of animals, including people.

Question 10

What is the etiology of Tetanus?

Answer 10

Clostridium tetani

Question 11

What are the clinical signs of Tetanus?

Answer 11

Localized stiffness, often involving the masseter muscles and muscles of the neck, the hindlimbs, and the region of the infected wound, is seen first; general stiffness becomes pronounced ~1 day later, and tonic spasms and hyperesthesia become evident.

Question 12

What is vaccine and treatment for Tetanus?

Answer 12

Vaccine if the Tetanus Toxoid, Unvaccinated animals should be treated with 1,500–3,000 IU or more of tetanus antitoxin, which usually provides passive protection for as long as 2 wk. Toxoid should be given simultaneously with the antitoxin and repeated in 30 days

Question 13

What is the etiology of malignant edema?

Answer 13

Clostridium septicum

Question 14

What are the signs of malignant edema?

Answer 14

local lesions are soft swellings that pit on pressure; the muscle turns dark brown to black.
Accumulations of gas in subcutaneous tissue and along muscle fascias may be present.
Extensive local sloughing of skin and tissues is often seen in progressed states of malignant edema.

Question 15

What is the prevention of malignant edema?

Answer 15

Bacterins are used for immunization.C septicumusually is combined withC chauvoeiin a blackleg/malignant edema vaccine and is available in multivalent vaccines.

Question 16

What is the etiology of blackleg?

Answer 16

Clostridium chauvoei

Question 17

What are the clinical signs of blackleg?

Answer 17

Occasionally fever, with edematous and crepitant swelling developing in the hip, shoulder, back, or neck and at first, the swelling is small, hot, and painful. As the disease rapidly progresses, the swelling enlarges, there is crepitation on palpation, and the skin becomes cold and insensitive with decreased blood supply to affected areas.

Question 18

What are the two major Leptospiral serovars in North America?

Answer 18

hardjo and pomona

Question 19

What are the clinical signs of Leptospirosis?

Answer 19

reproductive loss through abortion and stillbirth or birth of premature and weak infected calves
Uncommonly, severe acute disease occurs in calves: high fever, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, pulmonary congestion, occasionally meningitis, and death.
In lactating cows, incidental infections may be associated with agalactia with small quantities of blood-tinged milk.

Question 20

What is vibriosis and how is it spread?

Answer 20

Vibriosis is a venereal disease of cattle caused by a bacterial infection with Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis. Spread via joining of an infected and uninfected cow.

Question 21

What is the recommended vaccination program for Vibriosis?

Answer 21

vaccination of all breeding animals, including all bulls, cows and heifers, with Vibrovax

Question 22

What is the etiology of Swine Dysentery?

Answer 22

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

Question 23

What is the main treatment for Swine Dysentery and does it have a vaccine?

Answer 23

Water Antibiotics and Rodent Control; No

Question 24

What is TGE in pigs and what is its etiology?

Answer 24

Transmissible Gastroenteritis and Coronavirus

Question 25

What is the treatment of TGE and is there a vaccine?

Answer 25

Supportive care (sadly a 100% mortality in piglets); Yes but vaccine does not induce complete immunity

Question 26

What is Erysipelas?

Answer 26

a significant bacterial pathogen of swine, turkeys and sheep. Erysipeloid, a condition characterized by localized skin infections and cellulitis, may develop in people who work with infected animals, infected carcasses, or infected animal byproducts.

Question 27

What is Erysipelas' etiology? What must be remembered when working with suspected Erysipelas cases?

Answer 27

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae; It is zoonotic!

Question 28

What is the etiology of Mastitis?

Answer 28

bacterial with several: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Corynebacterium bovis, Mycoplasma spp, Escherichia coli

Question 29

How is mastitis typically spread?

Answer 29

Flies, contaminated bedding; milkers' hands; and Mycoplasma spp can be spread via aerosol transmission

Question 30

Best prevention for masitis?

Answer 30

Proper husbandry

Question 31

What is the etiology of Brucellosis?

Answer 31

Brucella abortus

Question 32

What is the clinical sign of Brucellosis and how do we test for it?

Answer 32

Abortion is the most obvious manifestation. Infections may also cause stillborn or weak calves, retained placentas, and reduced milk yield. Diagnosis: bacteriology or serology

Question 33

What are the two main tests for Brucellosis?

Answer 33

Brucella milk ring test (MRT) and Rose Bengal Plate Test

Question 34

What is the Bangs Vaccine and how is it marked on cattle?

Answer 34

Burcellosis vaccine and with R, shield, and last number in year in the R ear

Question 35

What is the official name and etiology of Pinkeye?

Answer 35

Infectious Keratoconjunctivits and gram-negative bacterial rod Moraxella bovis 

Question 36

What is the best prevention of Infectious Keratoconjunctivits?

Answer 36

Fly control and separation of infected animals when possible

Question 37

What is Orf?

Answer 37

Contagious Ecthyma; an infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats that affects primarily the lips of young animals. The disease is usually more severe in goats than in sheep. People are occasionally affected through direct contact.

Question 38

What is the etiology of Contagious Ecythma?

Answer 38

parapoxvirus, related to pseudocowpox

Question 39

What is the etiology and common name of the secondary infection associated with Contagious Ecythma??

Answer 39

Dermatophilus congolensis commonly causes “strawberry footrot.”

Question 40

Is there a vaccine for Contagious Ecythma?

Answer 40

Yes

Question 41

What is Clostridial Disease?

Answer 41

ENTEROTOXEMIA CAUSED BY CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPES B AND C causing severe enteritis, dysentery, toxemia, and high mortality in young lambs, calves, pigs, and foals 

Question 42

What is the treatment and control of Clostridial Disease Type C?

Answer 42

Vaccination of pregnant dam and antiserum for immediately birthed newbron from unvaccinated dams

Question 43

What is the common name of Clostridial Disease Type D and what species is it seen most frequently in?

Answer 43

Pulpy kidney disease, Overeating disease and sheep

Question 44

What is the most effective control method for Pulpy Kidney Disease?

Answer 44

Ewe immunization if primarily in young lambs, in feedlots reducing the amount of concentrate in diet can help but is not typically economical and purely vaccinating is often sufficient

Question 45

What is the etiology of Johne's Disease and what is the disease?

Answer 45

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and a chronic, contagious bacterial disease that affects the small intestine of ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, deer, antelope and bison.

Question 46

What are the clinical signs of Johne's Disease and how is it diagnosed?

Answer 46

weight loss, chronic progressive diarrhea, dependent edema (secondary to loss of protein in the gut); emaciation and death; fecal culture, PCR; serology

Question 47

What is Swine Erysipelas?

Answer 47

Diamond Skin Disease caused by E rhusiopathiae

Question 48

What is the primary treatment, and in turn, prevention of Johne's disease?

Answer 48

Good husbandry

Question 49

What does an acute outbreak of Swine Erysipelas look like?

Answer 49

sudden and unexpected deaths, febrile episodes, painful joints, and skin lesions that vary from generalized cyanosis to the often-described diamond skin (rhomboid urticaria) lesions

Question 50

What medication is Swine Erysipelas snesitive to?

Answer 50

Penicillin

Question 51

Is there a vaccine for Swing Erysipelas?

Answer 51

Yes