Eye Lecture Review

Question 1

What are a few diseases involving the accessory structures of the eye?

Answer 1

Conjunctivitis
Epiphora
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)
“Cherry eye”

Question 2

What are a few diseases within the globe of the eye?

Answer 2

Corneal ulcers
Cataracts
Glaucoma
Uvetits
Trauma

Question 3

What are a few diseases involving the retina and neural pathways of the eye?

Answer 3

Progressive Retinal Atrophy
Retinal Hypertension (secondary to systemic disease)

Question 4

What are some accessory structures of the eye?

Answer 4

AKA the “adnexa”
Eyelids
Tear ducts
Third Eyelid
Lacrimal Glands

Question 5

What are some clinical signs of conjunctivitis?

Answer 5

Chemosis
Hyperemia
Ocular Discharge
+/- signs of upper respiratory tract disease

Question 6

What are the difference in conjunctivitis in dogs and cats?

Answer 6

Dogs: Typically non-infectious (Immune-medicated, Allergic, Anatomic (entropion, dystechia))
Cats: Typically infectious (Viral: Feline Herpes Virus, Calicivirus; Bacterial: Chlamydia psittaci, Mycoplasma)

Question 7

What is epiphora and what causes it?

Answer 7

Overproduction of tears; Secondary to injury/trauma such as entropion, ocular injury, and dystechia. Faulty drainage of the lacrimal duct cause also be a cause.

Question 8

What is the medical term for dry eye and what does it mean?

Answer 8

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) means inflammation of the cornea and surrounding tissues from drying

Question 9

What is the best test for KCS or dry eye? What are the normal ranges for this test?

Answer 9

Schirmer tear test(STT). This simple test uses a special wicking paper to measure the amount of tear film produced in one minute
Normal STT is 20 +/- 5

Question 10

What is blepharospam and blepharitis?

Answer 10

excessive blinking of the eyelids and inflammation/swelling of the eyelids

Question 11

What are the three forms of entropion?

Answer 11

1. Congenital (inherited)
2. Acquired non-spastic
3. Acquired spastic

Question 12

What is entropion? What is ectropion?

Answer 12

Inward turned eyelids and outwardly turned eyelids

Question 13

What is the treatment of entropion and ectroprion?

Answer 13

Surgical correction

Question 14

What is cherry eye?

Answer 14

HYPERTROPHY OF THE NICTITATING MEMBRANE (THIRD EYELID)

Question 15

What is the correct treatment for cherry eye?

Answer 15

Surgical correction using the tack-down or pocket technique - DO NOT REMOVE THE GLAND

Question 16

What is glaucoma?

Answer 16

Increased intraocular pressure

Question 17

What is IOP and what are the normal ranges?

Answer 17

Intraocular pressure and 20 +/- 5 mmHg

Question 18

What are the two primary ways glaucoma effects the eyes?

Answer 18

Pain and Vision Loss

Question 19

What is acute glaucoma?

Answer 19

Sudden IOP >60 mm Hg that can produce blindness within hours
The goal is to rapidly reduce IOP to prevent permanent injury
THIS IS A TRUE EMERGENCY

Question 20

How is IOP measured?

Answer 20

Tonometry

Question 21

Is there a perfect solution for glaucoma?

Answer 21

No, this disease is a life long battle. Opening the drain to release the pressure is a difficult avenue for pets so most therapies aim at decreasing the fluid production

Question 22

What are the treatments for acute glaucoma? Chronic?

Answer 22

Topical, oral and intravenous medications. Surgery can also be considered; Surgery is the main corrective function of chronic glaucoma

Question 23

What is the medical term for corneal ulcers?

Answer 23

Ulcerative keratitis

Question 24

What is ulcerative keratitis? List a few of the potential causes?

Answer 24

A full thickness loss of corneal epithelium that exposes the stroma;
Trauma
Chemicals
Foreign bodies
Diseases (KCS)
Dystechia
Herpes viral infections (cats)

Question 25

What is one of the most common cause of ocular disease in the horse?

Answer 25

Corneal Ulcers

Question 26

What are the treatments for corneal ulcers?

Answer 26

Topical (NO STEROIDS) SPL often placed in horses Surgery

Question 27

What are the clinical signs and diagnostic test of choice for corneal ulcers?

Answer 27

Epiphora, Blepharospasm, Hyperemia of conjunctiva; Fluorescein Stain

Question 28

Why are steroids not recommended for Ulcerative Keratitis and with multiple medications how long should you wait between applications?

Answer 28

Steroids will slow the healing process and may make the ulcer worse; 5 minutes.

Question 29

What is Pannus?

Answer 29

An immune mediated corneal disease primarily found in the German Shepherd breed although other predisposed breeds include Greyhounds, Huskies, and Dachshunds

Question 30

What is the diagnostic method for Pannus?

Answer 30

Corneal scraping w/ cytology revealing lymphocytic-plasmocytic inflammation

Question 31

What is the treatment for Pannus?

Answer 31

Life-long anti-inflammatory agents Cyclosporine 1% Prednisone Acetate 0.1% Dexamethasone There is no cure

Question 32

What is a cataract?

Answer 32

Any opacity within a lens.

Question 33

What are the three types of cataracts?

Answer 33

1. Very small (incipient cataract) and not interfere with vision. 2. Involve more of the lens (immature cataract) and cause blurred vision. 3. Entire lens can become cloudy (mature cataract) and all functional vision lost

Question 34

What is the etiology of cataracts?

Answer 34

It can be inherited or secondary to disease with Diabetes mellitus being a common culprit

Question 35

Is there treatment for cataracts?

Answer 35

Yes, to have them surgically removed.

Question 36

What is uvea and what are the 3 parts of it?

Answer 36

the pigmented layer of the eye, lying beneath the sclera and cornea, and comprising the iris, choroid, and ciliary body

Question 37

What are the iris, choroid and ciliary?

Answer 37

The iris:  controls the diameter and size of the pupils and thus the amount of light reaching the retina The choroid: the layer of blood vessels and connective tissue The ciliary body: part of the eye that includes the ciliary muscle, which controls the shape of the lens

Question 38

What are the clinical signs of Anterior Uveitis and how is it primarily diagnosed?

Answer 38

-Decreased IOP, Episcleral injection, epiphora, conjunctivitis. Prolapsed 3rd eyelid, pain, change in color of iris -Tonometry with IOP <4-8mm Hg

Question 39

What is the treatment for Anterior Uveitis?

Answer 39

Tx underlying cause Topical anti-inflammatory agents (Furbiprofen, Dexamethasone)

Question 40

What is Moon Blindness and what species is this seen in?

Answer 40

Recurrent uveitis in horses

Question 41

What is the treatment for recurrent uveitis and what is something you must be mindful of with one of the treatments?

Answer 41

Topical anti-inflammatory drops, atropine. - Atropine may cause colic when used long-term

Question 42

What is an infection of the external ear canal?

Answer 42

Otitis Externa

Question 43

What is the etiology and diagnostic testing for Otitis Externa?

Answer 43

bacteria, yeast, parasites, FB, polyps Dx: exam, cytology, +/- C&S

Question 44

What is the treatment of otitis externa?

Answer 44

Topical(aural) or oral medications. Routine cleaning and good hygiene habits are needed for preventative measures as well

Question 45

What is a collection of blood within the cartilage of the ear and the skin?

Answer 45

Aural Hematoma

Question 46

How are Aural Hematomas treated?

Answer 46

Drain placement (14days), Surgery; E-collar; treat primary cause

Question 47

What is the inflammation of the middle and/or inner ear structures?

Answer 47

Otitis Media and Interna

Question 48

What is typically the cause of Otitis Media and Interna and what is the treatment?

Answer 48

bacterial infection; topical/oral anti-infectives, Meclizine, Cerenia, may require a TECA (surgery)