Equine Infectious Lecture Review

Question 1

Type 1 and 4 of this disease cause respiratory disease (1&4) and neurologic disease (1) in horses

Answer 1

Equine Herpesvirus

Question 2

What is the name for Type 1 and 4 of the respiratory variant of Equine Herpesvirus?

Answer 2

Rhinopneumonitis

Question 3

What is the name for Type 1 of the neurologic variant of Equine Herpesvirus?

Answer 3

Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy

Question 4

What is the treatment for Equine Herpesvirus?

Answer 4

Supportive Care

Question 5

What are the two primary prevention methods of Equine Herpesvirus?

Answer 5

Management practices and Vaccination

Question 6

Does the Equine Herpesvirus prevent the disease?

Answer 6

No, only reduces severity and duration

Question 7

What is the transmission method of Equine Herpesvirus (EHV-1 and EHV-4)?

Answer 7

Nasal Secretions, Aerosolized secretions, Contact with aborted fetuses and fluids (EHV-1)

Question 8

Incubation time of Equine Herpsevirus?

Answer 8

2-10 days

Question 9

Is EHV-1 or 4 zoonotic? Reportable?

Answer 9

Neither are zoonotic; EHV-1 is reportable

Question 10

What is a highly contagious viral disease that spreads rapidly among naive horses?

Answer 10

Equine Influenza

Question 11

How is Equine Influenza transmitted?

Answer 11

Inhalation of respiratory secretions.

Question 12

How long is Equine Influenza’s incubation?

Answer 12

1-3 days

Question 13

How is Equine Influenza diagnosed?

Answer 13

Antigen test (patient-side kit); Paired Serum Samples

Question 14

What is the treatment for Equine Influenza?

Answer 14

Supportive Care; NSAIDs for acute fever and antibiotics for prolonged (>3days) fever

Question 15

What is prevention for Equine Influenza?

Answer 15

Good Hygienic management practices and vaccination

Question 16

Why is Equine Viral Arteritis a special concern to horse breeders?

Answer 16

EVA can cause abortion in pregnant mares, death in young foals and render breeding stallions permanent carriers of the virus

Question 17

What is the principle method EAV is transmitted?

Answer 17

Respiratory with Venereal and Congenital being additional routes.

Question 18

What is the only definite diagnostic tool for EVA?

Answer 18

Laboratory Testing (nasopharyngeal swabs/washings or unclotted blood)

Question 19

What is the preventative methods for EVA?

Answer 19

Proper Management and Vaccination

Question 20

What is the treatment for EVA?

Answer 20

Supportive Care

Question 21

What is an infectious, contagious disease of Equidae characterized by abscessation of the lymphoid tissue of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 21

Equine Strangles (Streptococcus equi)

Question 22

Is EVA zoonotic? Reportable?

Answer 22

No. Yes

Question 23

Is Equine Strangles zoonotic? Reportable?

Answer 23

No. Yes

Question 24

How is Equine Strangles transmitted?

Answer 24

Fomites, Direct contact with infectious exudates. Common vectors being flies

Question 25

What is the incubation for Equine Strangles?

Answer 25

3-14 days

Question 26

How is Equine Strangles diagnosed?

Answer 26

Bacterial Culture or exudate from abscesses or nasal swab samples

Question 26

Why are antibiotics controversial in treatment of Equine Strangles? If given, what is the antibiotic of choice?

Answer 26

Can delay abscess formation thus prolonging disease process, can render horses susceptible to infection after therapy. Penicillin

Question 26

What are the primary treatments for Equine Strangles?

Answer 26

Warm compress of effected lymph nodes, flushing ruptured abscessed, NSAIDS as needed.

Question 27

What vaccine is most beneficial in prevention of Equine Strangles?

Answer 27

Intranasal vaccine containing a live attenuated strain of S equi

Question 28

What bacterium causes Tetanus (lockjaw) in horses?

Answer 28

Clostridium tetanii

Question 29

Is there a vaccine for Tetanus? If so, how often is it administer?

Answer 29

Yes. Yearly after initial booster schedule as foals. (3,4,6 mon for unvax parents; and 6,7,9 mon for vaxxed parents)

Question 30

Difference between Tetanus Antitoxin and Toxoid?

Answer 30

Toxoid - Used for vaccination and maintenence; Antitoxin - used for treatment and therapy

Question 31

What disease is commonly called "swamp fever" and is caused by lentivirus and transmitted by bloodsucking insects?

Answer 31

Equina Infectious Anemia (EIA)

Question 32

What are the symptoms of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)?

Answer 32

Nothing to everything. P can be subclinical but ma also exhibited a large number of nondescript clinical signs.

Question 33

How is Equine Infectious Anemia diagnosed?

Answer 33

COGGINS (AGID) and C-ELISA testing with Coggins being gold standard.

Question 34

Is Equine Infectious Anemia zoonotic? Reportable?

Answer 34

No. Yes.

Question 35

What is the treatment for EIA? What is the prevention for EIA?

Answer 35

There is none for either. Only proactive management and testing can inhibit the disease. Humane Euthanasia is often the recommend therapy to prevent outbreak.

Question 36

What is the etiology of Potomac Horse Fever?

Answer 36

Neorickettsia risticii (formerly Ehrlichia risticii)

Question 37

What disease is seasonal, occurring between late spring and early fall in temperate areas, with most cases in July, August, and September with the onset of hot weather?

Answer 37

Potomac Horse Fever

Question 38

What are clinical signs of Potomac Horse Fever?

Answer 38

fever, mild to severe diarrhea, laminitis, mild colic, and decreased abdominal sounds. Uncommonly, pregnant mares infected with N. risticii (usually in the middle trimester between 90 and 120 days) can abort due to fetal infection at 7 months of gestation.

Question 39

Does the vaccine for Potomac Horse Fever prevent potential abortions in pregnant mares?

Answer 39

No

Question 40

What are the primary presentations for Leptospirosis in horses?

Answer 40

recurrent uveitis, late-term abortion and acute renal failure

Question 41

Which disease is a major infectious cause of foal diarrhea and has been documented to cause 50% or more of foal diarrhea cases in some areas?

Answer 41

Rotaviral Diarrhea

Question 42

What is WEE, EEE, and VEE?

Answer 42

Western, Eastern and Venezuelan Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis

Question 43

What are the two common names for Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis?

Answer 43

Sleeping Sickness (for WEE, EEE, and VEE); West Nile Virus

Question 44

How quickly are the patients recumbent with Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis? How quickly can they die?

Answer 44

12-18hrs. 2-3 days

Question 45

What are clinical signs of Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis?

Answer 45

altered mentation, impaired vision, aimless wandering, head pressing, circling, inability to swallow, irregular ataxic gait, paresis and paralysis, seizures, and death.

Question 46

What is the etiology of Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis?

Answer 46

Arboviruses; Genus: Flavivirus (enveloped RNA virus)

Question 47

What is the diagnosis and then treatment of Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis?

Answer 47

Clinical signs and serology testing; Supportive care - there is no cure

Question 48

What are the two preventative methods for Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis?

Answer 48

Mosquito Control and Vaccines (for West Nile, Eastern and Western, none for Venezuelan)

Question 49

Is Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis zoonotic? Reportable?

Answer 49

Yes to both!!

Question 50

What is the etiology of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)?

Answer 50

Sarcocystis neurona

Question 51

What is the definitive host of S neurona in the USA? How do horses get the disease?

Answer 51

Opossum and they ingest contaminated feed or water

Question 52

What are the clinical signs of EPM?

Answer 52

Ataxia; depression; head tilt; facial paralysis

Question 53

How is EPM diagnosed?

Answer 53

It can only be diagnosed postmortem with CNS lesions

Question 54

Is there prevention for EPM?

Answer 54

No

Question 55

What are the treatments for EPM?

Answer 55

Antiprotozoals (Ponazuril, diclazuril, and pyrimethamine)

Question 56

Do horses have a rabies vaccine?

Answer 56

Yes