Learning

Question 1

what is insight learning

Answer 1

sudden perception of useful information that helps solve a problem

Question 2

observational learning is

Answer 2

learning simply by viewing the behaviour of others (including fears and prejudices)

Question 3

humans partake in observational learning whereas other animals do

Answer 3

vicarious learning

Question 4

what is insight learning a challenge to?

Answer 4

the behaviourists trial and error theory of learning

Question 5

what is latent learning?

Answer 5

learning a behaviour rather than performing it

Question 6

latent learning occurs faster when rewards are ____ rather than ____ - this was shown experimentally by ___

Answer 6

sporadic,regular, Tolman & Honzik 1930

Question 7

Operant conditioning is sometimes described as

Answer 7

the law of effect, as rewarded behaviour tends to be repeated

Question 8

operant conditions observes how behaviour can be modulated by

Answer 8

reward

Question 9

primary reinforcers:

Answer 9

food, warmth

Question 10

secondary reinforcers:

Answer 10

money, grades

Question 11

method of classical conditioning:

Answer 11

pairs US with CS to bring about CS –> CR

Question 12

Pavlovs dogs are an example of ____ conditioning

Answer 12

classical

Question 13

what plot can you make from classical conditioning experiments?

Answer 13

strength of CR vs reinforced trials to measure probability, amplitude and latency

Question 14

UR can be described as

Answer 14

innate- independent of learning

Question 15

what is the opposite of conditioning and how can it be reversed?

Answer 15

extinction, reconditioning

Question 16

learning in reconditioning occurs ___ which shows there is _____

Answer 16

faster, a trace of original learning which is built upon

Question 17

how does reconditioning happen?

Answer 17

repairing CS with US

Question 18

it is key that in learning, any change must be due to

Answer 18

experience

Question 19

learning implies

Answer 19

a lasting change in behaviour which can be measured

Question 20

we learn by ___ and ____

Answer 20

habituation, conditioning

Question 21

habituation is ___ efficient, as it ______ via ______

Answer 21

energy, narrows the range of stimuli that elicit false alarms, familiarisation

Question 22

conditioning is the formation of

Answer 22

associations

Question 23

what are the 4 key considerations in learning?

Answer 23

1. temporal contiguity
2. important factors of meaningful learning
3. contingency
4. associating appropriate stimuli with rewards

Question 24

what does temporal contiguity determine and what does it say about the time interval between S and R

Answer 24

the length of sensitive window, the S must be before R but not so long before that they don’t appear linked

Question 25

what are 2 important factors in meaningful learning?

Answer 25

1. flexibility in associations made | 2. ability to build upon previous learning

Question 26

the implication of latent learning is that learning is based on the formation of ___

Answer 26

cognitive maps

Question 27

Tolman referred to learning that wasn't demonsratable in terms of behaviour as ____

Answer 27

latent learning

Question 28

while reinforcement affects ___, it isn't necessary for ____ to occur, as shown by the fact that there were _____ in ____ than ______

Answer 28

behaviour, latent learning, fewer errors, groups where reward was introduced at the end, groups where reward was continuous

Question 29

the bandura and bobo doll experiments are an example of

Answer 29

observational learning

Question 30

____learning was used in mexican ___

Answer 30

observational, media

Question 31

imprinting shows there is a ____ where an organism is more ____to learning, for example _____

Answer 31

critical period, sensitive, maternal bonding