Lecture 1 Flashcards
Anatomical Postioning
1
Q
Anterior - synonym
A
ventral
2
Q
Define Anterior
A
towards the front
3
Q
Posterior synonym
A
dorsal
4
Q
Superior
A
above
5
Q
Inferior
A
below
6
Q
Medial
A
away from the midline
7
Q
Proximal
A
closer to the root of the limb or the trunk
8
Q
Distal
A
further away from the root of the limb or the trunk
9
Q
Deep
A
further away from the skin or surface of the body
10
Q
Superficial
A
closer to the skin or the surface of the body
11
Q
Ipsilateral
A
the same side
12
Q
Contralateral
A
opposite
13
Q
2 words for Superior
A
Cranial
Rostral
14
Q
Inferior 1 other word
A
caudal
15
Q
Flexion
A
bend limbs at joint
- make joint angle smaller
16
Q
Extension
A
straigtening the limbs at joint
17
Q
Lateral flexion(bending)
A
bending the truck to one side
18
Q
Abduction
A
movement away from the midline
19
Q
Adduction
A
movement towards midline
20
Q
Supination
A
palms facing up - anatomical postion
face up
21
Q
pronation
A
palms facing down
face down
22
Q
Anatomical position
A
Standing upright
feet together
hands at side
palms facing forward
face looking forward
23
Q
Coronal plane - frontal plane (bread)
A
Passes from top to bottom
divides ant/post
24
Q
What movement occurs in coronal plane
A
adduction and abduction
25
Sagittal plane - medial plane
pass from front to back
divides symmetrical halves
26
What movement occurs in the sagittal plane
flexion ad extension
27
Transverse plane/ horizontal plane
pass through body at right angles to coronal and saigittal planes
divides sup/inferior
28
Oblique plane
sits between coronal, sagittal and transverse
29
Axis
moving around
30
Saggital axis
Anterior to Posterior (AP axis)
Passes front to back
movement occurs around the axis/at right angles
31
Longitudinal - y axis
Passes superior to inferior
32
What movemnet occurs in sagittal axis
abduction and addcution
33
What movement occurs in the y axis
medial and lateral rotation
34
Transverse axis - coronal axis - x axis
passes left to right
35
What movement occurs in the x axis
flexion and extension
36
How many Vertebrae
33
37
Name the 5 segements and how many
7 Cervical (breakfast- cereal)
12 Thoracic (tea)
5 lumbar - (late lunch)
5 sacrum - (supper)
4 Coccyx
38
Name 5 fuctions of the spine ( A PASS)
Attachment
- Muscles of the pectorial and pelvic girdle
Protects
-spinal cord
Anchorage
-powerfull muscles which move. the vertebral column
Shock absorber
-IVD (intervertebral discs and curves) and curves of the spine
Support
-head and thoracic cage
39
What do spinal curves allow?
The vertebral column to resist compressive loads
40
Describe the baby spinal curve
One long curve
convex posteriorly
41
Describe adult spinal curve
Four distinct curvatures
Thoracic and sacral
Cervical and lumbar
42
Which curvatures are we born with?
Thoracic and sacral
43
What would the sacral and Thoracic curves known as
Kyphotic curves
44
What is Kyphotic?
Primary curves we are born with
Therefore primary
45
What curvatures do we develop?
Cervical and Lumbar
46
What are the cervical and lumbar curves identified as
Lordotic curves
47
What type of curves are the lordoctic curves
Secondary
48
What happens to the spinal curves when we become older
It returns to C shape due to age related changes to intervertebral discs
49
What is scoliosis
Lateral curvatures
50
What is Hyperkyphotic
Exaggerated kyphotic curvatures
-thoracic
-sacral
51
What is Heperlordotic
Exaggerated lordoctic curvatures
- cervical
-lumbar
52
What two major parts do all vertebra consist of
Anterior Vertebral Body
Posterior Vertebral arch
53
Which are the exceptions for the two majot parts of the vertebra?
C1- Atlas
C2- Axis
54
What is a Fuctional Spinal Unit
Two Vertebra together plus its ligaments
55
FSU
Fuctional Spinal Unit
56
Name facts of the Vertebral body
1. Exept C1
2. Weight Bearing
3. Roughly cylindrical
4. Superior and inferior surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage
5. Vary in shape and size depending on position
57
Describe the Vertebral arch
Irregular shaped portion
58
what does the pedicle connect the vertebral body to?
Posterior elements
59
What are the posterior elements of the vertrebra?
- Laminae (2)
- Spinous Process SP
-Transverse Processes (2) TVP
-Superior Articular Process and Facet SAP
-Inferior Articular Process and Facet IAP
60
What is the facet of the vertebral arch
Articulating portion
61
Name 3 other features of the vertebral arch
Vertebral Foramen
Pars interarticularis
Lamina/Pedical Junction
62
Describe the Vertebral Foramen
Varies in shape and size
contains the spinal cord
63
Describe the Pars interarticularis
Landmark structure
Area between SAP and IAP
64
Describe the Lamina/Pedical Junction
Between lamina and pedicle
65
Intervertebral Foramen
Formed by superior and inferior verterbral notches
spinal nerves exit here
66
Where do the spinal neves exit?
Intervertebral foramen
67
Describe the structure of the vertebra bone
Outside - shelll of compact bone
Inside - spongy - cancellous bone
-strong but light resists compression
Spongy bone organized into trabeculae
68
What is the body of a typical vertebrae covered by?
Cortical bone
69
Name 3 patterns the trabeculae runs in?
Vertical
Oblique
Horizontal
70
Describe the vertical pattern
Principle system
Runs Sup - infer surface
Resists - bending and shearing forces
71
Describe the oblique pattern
Superior SAP - inf surface of vertebral body
Inferior IAP - sup surface of vertebral body
RESIST TORSION
72
Describe the horizontal pattern
TVP - opposite to vertebral body
RESISTS Tension
73
Why does a compression fracture occur?
Area of weakness in the anterior part of the vertebral body
74
Where does the area of strength occur?
When the trabeculae corss each other
75
What forms the intervertebral foramen - spinal neves
Inferiorly - Superior vertebral notch
Superior - Inferior vertebral notch
