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Axial Anatomy > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The middle sacral crest of the sacrum are remnants of what structure?

A

Spinous Process

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2
Q

The lamina of the sacrum fuse to form which of the following structures in the adult sacrum?

A

Sacral groove

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3
Q

How many joints does the sacrum encompass?

A

6

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4
Q

What is the contribution of the pubis that makes up the acetabulum?

A

1/5

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5
Q

Which of the following ligaments lies deep to the posterior ligament of the sacroiliac joint?

A

Interosseous ligament

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6
Q

What is the composition of the sacrum?

A

The sacrum consists of 5 fused vertebrae forming a triangular structure.

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7
Q

What bones does the sacrum sit wedged between?

A

The sacrum sits wedged between the two innominate bones (pelvic bones).

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8
Q

What are the main features of the base of the sacrum?

A

The base of the sacrum is superior and forms the sacral promontory. It also has sacral ala formed by the transverse processes of S1.

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9
Q

What structure runs through the entire sacrum and exits at the sacral hiatus?

A

The vertebral canal runs through the entire sacrum and exits at the sacral hiatus.

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10
Q

What is the significance of the apex of the sacrum?

A

The apex of the sacrum is inferior and articulates with the coccyx.

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11
Q

Describe the pelvic/anterior surface of the sacrum.

A

The pelvic/anterior surface is concave superior to inferior and side to side, with transverse ridges corresponding to intervertebral discs and anterior sacral foramina for the exit of sacral nerves.

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12
Q

What are the main features of the dorsal/posterior surface of the sacrum?

A

The dorsal/posterior surface is convex, narrower, and irregular, with a middle sacral crest, sacral grooves, sacral articular crests/intermediate crests, posterior sacral foramina, and the sacral hiatus.

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13
Q

What is the function of the lateral surface of the sacrum?

A

The lateral surface articulates with the ilium at the sacroiliac joint and provides attachment points for ligaments.

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14
Q

What structures articulate with the sacral cornua?

A

The inferior articular processes of S5 articulate with the sacral cornua.

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15
Q

What is the significance of the lateral crests of the sacrum?

A

The lateral crests of the sacrum are rudimentary transverse processes and provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

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16
Q

What is the orientation of the sacrum in the body?

A

The sacrum sits obliquely, with its base tilted anteriorly and its apex pointing inferiorly.

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17
Q

What is the structure found at the most anterior portion of the sacrum?

A

The most anterior portion of the sacrum is known as the sacral promontory.

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18
Q

What are the functions of the sacral ala?

A

The sacral ala provides attachment points for ligaments and muscles and contributes to the stability of the pelvic region.

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19
Q

Describe the appearance of the sacral hiatus.

A

The sacral hiatus is a gap in the sacrum where the spinous process and lamina of S5 fail to fuse, leaving a small opening.

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20
Q

How many sacral foramina are present on each side of the sacrum, and what structures exit through them?

A

There are four sacral foramina on each side of the sacrum, through which the sacral nerves exit.

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21
Q

What is the significance of the auricular surface of the sacrum?

A

The auricular surface of the sacrum is covered in cartilage and articulates with the ilium to form the sacroiliac joint, contributing to the stability of the pelvis.

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22
Q

What attaches to the sacral tuberosity on the lateral surface of the sacrum?

A

The sacral tuberosity provides attachment points for the sacroiliac ligaments, contributing to the stability of the sacroiliac joint.

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23
Q

How many sacral segments are fused to form the sacrum, and what are their designations?
.

A

The sacrum consists of five fused sacral segments, designated as S1 through S5

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24
Q

What are the rudimentary structures found on the dorsal/posterior surface of the sacrum?

A

The dorsal/posterior surface of the sacrum features rudimentary spinous processes (middle sacral crest) and laminae (sacral grooves).

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25
Q

What is the functional significance of the sacrum in the human body?

A

The sacrum forms a sturdy foundation for the spine, provides stability to the pelvis, and serves as a point of attachment for various muscles and ligaments involved in posture and movement.

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26
Q

What is the function of the sacral canal within the sacrum?

A

The sacral canal within the sacrum serves as a passageway for the sacral nerves and provides protection to the sacral spinal cord.

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27
Q

Describe the sacral cornua in terms of its location and articulation.

A

The sacral cornua are located at the inferior end of the sacrum and articulate with the coccyx, contributing to the stability of the sacrococcygeal joint.

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28
Q

What is the significance of the sacral plexus in relation to the sacrum?

A

The sacral plexus, formed by the sacral nerves exiting the sacrum, is a key nerve network that innervates the lower limbs and pelvic organs, playing a crucial role in motor and sensory functions.

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29
Q

How does the sacrum contribute to the transmission of body weight from the vertebral column to the pelvis?

A

The sacrum serves as a bridge between the vertebral column and the pelvic girdle, transferring body weight from the axial skeleton to the lower extremities during weight-bearing activities.

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30
Q

What is the developmental origin of the sacrum?

A

The sacrum develops from the fusion of five originally separate sacral vertebrae during embryonic and fetal development.

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31
Q

What are the ligaments associated with the sacrum and what are their functions?

A

Ligaments associated with the sacrum include the sacrotuberous ligament, sacrospinous ligament, and sacroiliac ligaments. They provide stability to the sacroiliac joint, support pelvic organs, and aid in weight transfer between the axial skeleton and lower limbs.

32
Q

What is the role of the sacral nerves in the sacrum?

A

The sacral nerves emerging from the sacral foramina innervate the pelvic organs, lower limbs, and perineum, contributing to motor and sensory functions in these areas.

33
Q

How does the sacrum differ between genders?

A

In females, the sacrum is typically wider and shorter compared to males, accommodating the passage of the birth canal during childbirth.

34
Q

What are the clinical implications of sacral fractures?

A

Sacral fractures can result from trauma and may lead to pain, instability, and neurological deficits. Management may involve conservative measures, such as rest and physical therapy, or surgical intervention in severe cases.

35
Q

How does aging affect the sacrum?

A

With age, the sacrum may undergo degenerative changes, such as decreased bone density, osteophyte formation, and disc degeneration, leading to increased risk of fractures and functional impairment.

36
Q

What are the superior articulations of the sacrum?

A

The sacrum articulates superiorly with the body of the L5 vertebra and the superior articular processes (SAP) of L5, forming two joints.

37
Q

What is the inferior articulation of the sacrum?

A

The sacrum articulates inferiorly with the coccyx, forming a single joint known as the sacrococcygeal joint.

38
Q

What are the lateral articulations of the sacrum?

A

The sacrum articulates laterally with the ilium of the pelvic bone on both sides, forming two sacroiliac joints.

39
Q

What are the gender differences in the sacrum?

A

In females, the sacrum is typically shorter, wider, and the upper half is nearly straight, forming a greater angle with the lower half. In contrast, in males, the sacrum is longer, narrower, with a greater overall angle, and vertebral bodies are evenly distributed over its length.

40
Q

What are the anatomical variations that can occur in the sacrum?

A

Anomalies of the sacrum may include sacral agenesis or dysgenesis, where the sacrum may consist of 6 or 4 pieces instead of the typical 5 fused vertebrae. Additionally, the bodies of the first two sacral vertebrae may fail to fuse, or the first set of transverse processes may not fuse into the ala on one or both sides. Occasionally, the spinous process and lamina may not develop, leading to an opening in the neural canal known as spina bifida.

41
Q

What are the anatomical features of the coccyx in the anterior/pelvic region?

A

In the anterior/pelvic region, the coccyx exhibits concave surfaces with three grooves, which correspond to points of fusion (intervertebral discs).

42
Q

Describe the anatomical features of the coccyx in the posterior/dorsal region.

A

In the posterior/dorsal region, the coccyx displays convex surfaces with three grooves and a row of tubercles, which represent the spinous processes.

43
Q

What is the function of the coccyx base, and what structure does it articulate with?

A

The base of the coccyx articulates with the sacrum (specifically with S5) and, together with the coccygeal cornua, contributes to the formation of the sacrococcygeal joint.

44
Q

Describe the apex of the coccyx.

A

The apex of the coccyx is rounded and may be bifid (split into two), and it serves as an attachment site for the sphincter ani muscles.

45
Q

What are the bones that make up the pelvis, and what are their contributions?

A

The pelvic bones consist of the right and left innominate bones (comprising the ilium, ischium, and pubic bones), the sacrum, and the coccyx. They contribute to the formation of the pelvic girdle, providing support and protection to pelvic organs.

46
Q

How does the sacrum articulate with the ilium?

A

The sacrum articulates with the ilium at the sacroiliac joint, contributing to the stability and mobility of the pelvis.

47
Q

What is the function of the pubic symphysis?

A

The pubic symphysis is a fibrocartilaginous joint that articulates the pubic bones of the right and left innominate bones. It allows for limited movement and provides stability to the pelvis.

48
Q

What is the composition of the acetabulum, and what are its contributions?

A

The acetabulum is formed by contributions from the ilium (2/5), ischium (2/5), and pubis (1/5). It serves as the socket for the hip joint, facilitating articulation with the femoral head.

49
Q

Describe the gender differences in the pelvis.

A

In females, the pelvic inlet is larger and more circular, the angle of the pubic arch is larger (80-85 degrees), and the ischial spines do not project as medially into the pelvic cavity compared to males. In contrast, in males, the pelvic inlet is smaller and heart-shaped, the angle of the pubic arch is smaller (50-60 degrees), and the ischial spines project more medially.

50
Q

What is the composition of the sacroiliac joint?

A

The sacroiliac joint is a synovial joint located between the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and ilium.

51
Q

Describe the anatomical features of the sacroiliac surfaces.

A

The sacral surface is concave with crests on either side, covered in hyaline cartilage, while the iliac surface has a central crest and two grooves, covered in fibrocartilage, creating a congruent joint.

52
Q

What are the functions and locations of the anterior sacroiliac ligaments?

A

The anterior sacroiliac ligaments run from the ala and pelvic surface of the sacrum to the margins of the auricular surface of the ilium. They provide anterior stability to the sacroiliac joint and are typically stronger in females.

53
Q

What are the components and functions of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments?

A

The posterior sacroiliac ligaments consist of three parts: the interosseous sacroiliac ligament, long posterior sacroiliac ligament, and short posterior sacroiliac ligament. They provide posterior stability to the sacroiliac joint.

54
Q

Describe the interosseous sacroiliac ligament.

A

The interosseous sacroiliac ligament is the deepest ligament and runs from the sacral tuberosity to the iliac tuberosity, providing strong reinforcement to the joint.

55
Q

: What is the course and function of the long posterior sacroiliac ligament?

A

The long posterior sacroiliac ligament runs almost vertically from the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) to the 3rd or 4th transverse tubercle of the sacrum (TVPs), offering vertical stability to the joint.

56
Q

Describe the course and function of the short posterior sacroiliac ligament.

A

The short posterior sacroiliac ligament runs horizontally from the 1st and 2nd transverse tubercles to the iliac tuberosity, providing horizontal stability to the joint.

57
Q

What are the locations and functions of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments?

A

The sacrospinous ligament runs deep to the sacrotuberous ligament, from the lower edge of the sacrum and coccyx to the ischial spine, providing stability to the pelvic floor. The sacrotuberous ligament runs from the lower transverse tubercles and inferior margin of the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity, supporting the sacrum and coccyx and resisting inferior movement of the sacrum.

58
Q

What is the lumbo-sacral joint?

A

The lumbo-sacral joint is the joint between the last lumbar vertebra (L5) and the first sacral segment (S1), consisting of intervertebral discs and synovial joints between the superior articular processes (SAP) and inferior articular processes (IAPs).

59
Q

Describe the orientation of the superior surface of the sacrum in relation to the horizontal plane.

A

The superior surface of the sacrum sits at an angle of approximately 30 degrees to the horizontal plane.

60
Q

What is the angle between the axis of the sacrum and the last lumbar vertebra (L5)

A

The angle between the axis of the sacrum and L5 is approximately 140 degrees.

61
Q

What are the ligaments associated with the lumbo-sacral joint?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)

posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL),

ligamentum flavum,

supraspinous ligament,

interspinous ligament,

iliolumbar ligament,

lateral lumbosacral ligament.

62
Q

Describe the course and attachment points of the iliolumbar ligament.

A

The iliolumbar ligament runs from the tip of the transverse processes of L4 and L5 to the posterior lip of the iliac crest, providing stability to the lumbar spine and pelvis.

63
Q

What is the function and attachment points of the lateral lumbosacral ligament?

A

The lateral lumbosacral ligament runs from the transverse process of L5 to the ala of the sacrum, contributing to the stability of the lumbo-sacral joint and limiting excessive movement.

64
Q

Describe the location of the sacrococcygeal joint.

A

The sacrococcygeal joint is located between the last sacral segment and the coccyx.

65
Q

What type of ligaments join the sacral and coccygeal segments in the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

The sacrococcygeal joint is joined by interosseous ligaments, similar to an intervertebral disc (IVD), and the articular surfaces are elliptical, with the sacral surface being convex and the coccyx being reciprocally concave.

66
Q

What are the ligaments associated with the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

anterior sacrococcygeal ligament, posterior sacrococcygeal ligament, and lateral sacrococcygeal ligament.

67
Q

Describe the ligaments associated with the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

These ligaments are longitudinal fibers running from the corresponding surface of the coccyx to the inferior segment of the sacrum.

68
Q

Describe the structure and function of the pubic symphysis.

A

The pubic symphysis is a secondary cartilaginous joint located between the medial surfaces of the pubic bones, with joint surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage and a fibrocartilaginous disc. It provides stability and support to the pelvis during weight-bearing activities

69
Q

What is the function and attachment points of the superior pubic ligament?

A

The superior pubic ligament runs from the pubic crest and tubercle of one pubic bone to the corresponding structures on the other pubic bone, providing stability to the pubic symphysis.

70
Q

Describe the structure and function of the inferior pubic ligament (arcuate).

A

The inferior pubic ligament, also known as the arcuate ligament, arches between the inferior pubic rami, leaving a small gap for the passage of blood vessels of the penis or clitoris.

71
Q

What are the characteristics of the interosseous ligaments in the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

he interosseous ligaments in the sacrococcygeal joint are similar to intervertebral discs, providing stability and support to the joint. They join the sacral and coccygeal segments and contribute to the articulation between them.

72
Q

What is the function of the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament?

A

The anterior sacrococcygeal ligament runs longitudinally from the anterior surface of the coccyx to the inferior segment of the sacrum, providing anterior stability to the sacrococcygeal joint.

73
Q

Describe the function and attachment points of the posterior sacrococcygeal ligament.

A

The posterior sacrococcygeal ligament runs longitudinally from the posterior surface of the coccyx to the inferior segment of the sacrum, providing posterior stability to the sacrococcygeal joint.

74
Q

What is the role of the lateral sacrococcygeal ligament?

A

The lateral sacrococcygeal ligament runs from the lateral aspect of the coccyx to the corresponding surface of the sacrum, contributing to the lateral stability of the sacrococcygeal joint.

75
Q

How does the superior pubic ligament contribute to pelvic stability?

A

The superior pubic ligament reinforces the superior aspect of the pubic symphysis, providing stability and preventing excessive separation of the pubic bones during weight-bearing activities.

76
Q

What is the function of the inferior pubic ligament (arcuate)?

A

The inferior pubic ligament, also known as the arcuate ligament, arches between the inferior pubic rami, providing additional stability to the pubic symphysis while allowing for the passage of blood vessels.

Axial Anatomy (9 decks)

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