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Axial Anatomy > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Term: Thorax

A

The bony and cartilaginous cage that protects the principal organs of respiration and circulation.

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2
Q

Boundaries of the Thorax
Posterior Surface:

A

Formed by the 12 thoracic vertebrae and the posterior part of ribs.

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3
Q

Boundaries of the Thorax
Anterior Surface:

A

Anterior Surface: Consists of the sternum, costal cartilage, and the anterior part of ribs.

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4
Q

Boundaries of the Thorax
Lateral Surface:

A

Convex and formed by the ribs, intercostal spaces (containing intercostal muscles), and the parietal pleura.

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5
Q

Shape of the Thorax

A

Egg-shaped, narrow above and broad below.

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6
Q

Describe the sternum

A

An elongated, flattened bone that forms the middle portion of the anterior wall of the thorax.

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7
Q

Parts of the Sternum

A
  • Manubrium
    -Body
    -Xiphoid process
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8
Q

Jugular Notch

A

Located at the superior aspect of the manubrium, it is a concave indentation serving as a landmark for identifying the level of the first thoracic vertebra.

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9
Q

Clavicular Facets

A

Found on either side of the superior aspect of the manubrium, these smooth surfaces articulate with the clavicles, forming part of the sternoclavicular joint.

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10
Q

Depression for First Costal Cartilage

A

A shallow concavity on the lateral aspect of the manubrium, it accommodates the first costal cartilage, aiding in the articulation of the sternum with the first rib.

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11
Q

Demi Facet for Second Costal Cartilage

A

This partial articular surface on the lateral aspect of the manubrium facilitates the connection with the second costal cartilage, contributing to the stability of the sternum-rib articulation.

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12
Q

Inferior Surface of Manubrium

A

Characterized by an oval shape and rough texture, this surface is located at the lower end of the manubrium and serves as the attachment point for the body of the sternum.

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13
Q

How many angular depressions on body of sternum?

A

4

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the body of the sternum.

A

The body of the sternum is long and narrow, featuring three transverse ridges on its anterior surface. Superiorly, it is oval and articulates with the manubrium, while inferiorly, it articulates with the xiphoid process.

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15
Q

How does the transverse ridges on the anterior surface of the body articulate?

A

Featuring three transverse ridges on its anterior surface. Superiorly, it is oval and articulates with the manubrium, while inferiorly, it articulates with the xiphoid process.

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16
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the lateral surface of the body of the sternum?

A

On the lateral surface, the superior angle of the body contains a demi facet for the second costal cartilage, while angular depressions accommodate ribs 3, 4, 5, and 6. The inferior angle features a demi facet for rib 7.

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17
Q

Explain the characteristics and functions of the xiphoid process.

A

The smallest part of the sternum, initially consisting of cartilage in youth. Its superior angle features a demi facet for rib 7, and it attaches to the linea alba inferiorly.

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18
Q

Describe the general shape and structure of ribs.

A

Ribs are curved flat bones, with 12 pairs on either side of the thoracic cavity. They typically increase in length from ribs 1 to 7 and decrease in length from ribs 8 to 12.

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19
Q

How do the lengths of ribs vary from the first to the last rib?

A

Ribs generally increase in length from the first to the seventh rib and decrease in length from the eighth to the twelfth rib.

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20
Q

What are the main features of the head of a rib?

A

The head of a rib is kidney-shaped and divided by a crest. It has a superior demi facet and an inferior oval facet.

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21
Q

: Describe the characteristics of the neck of a rib.

A

The neck of a rib extends laterally from the head.

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22
Q

What is the significance of the tubercle on a rib?

A

The tubercle of a rib has an articular portion for articulation with the corresponding vertebrae, forming the costotubercular facet. Additionally, it has a non-articular portion for the attachment of ligaments, such as the costotransverse ligament.

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23
Q

What are the features of the body of a rib?

A

The body of a rib is thin and flat, featuring an external angle and an internal surface with a costal groove for the passage of intercostal blood vessels and nerves.

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of the head of a typical rib?

A

The head of a typical rib features two articulating facets divided by a crest. The inferior oval facet articulates with the body of the corresponding vertebrae, while the superior demi facet articulates with the body of the vertebra abov

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25
Q

Explain the articulations of the tubercle of a typical rib.

A

he tubercle of a typical rib articulates with the costotubercular facet of the corresponding vertebrae, contributing to the stability of the rib cage and thoracic spine.

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26
Q

What are the main features of the head of a typical rib?

A

The head of a typical rib consists of two articulating facets divided by a crest. The inferior oval facet articulates with the body of the corresponding vertebrae, while the superior demi facet articulates with the body of the vertebra above.

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27
Q

How does the tubercle of a typical rib contribute to its articulation with the vertebrae?

A

The tubercle of a typical rib articulates with the costotubercular facet of the corresponding vertebrae, providing stability to the rib cage and thoracic spine.

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28
Q

What is the significance of the superior demi facet on the head of a typical rib?

A

The superior demi facet of a typical rib articulates with the body of the vertebra above, contributing to the articulation and movement of the rib with the spine.

29
Q

Describe the function of the inferior oval facet on the head of a typical rib.

A

The inferior oval facet of a typical rib articulates with the body of the corresponding vertebrae, facilitating the connection between the rib and the spinal column.

30
Q

How does the structure of the head of a typical rib contribute to its role in the rib cage?

A

The articulating facets and crest on the head of a typical rib allow for secure attachments to the vertebral column, enabling the rib to form part of the rib cage and providing support and protection to the thoracic organs.

31
Q

How many articulations does the posterior end of the first rib have?

A

The posterior end of the first rib has two articulations, one at the head and one at the tubercle.

32
Q

How many articulations are present at the posterior end of ribs 2 to 10?

A

Ribs 2 to 10 have three articulations at their posterior ends, consisting of two at the head and one at the tubercle.

33
Q

What is the number of articulations found at the posterior end of ribs 11 and 12?

A

: Ribs 11 and 12 each have one articulation at their posterior ends, located at the head.

34
Q

How do the articulations at the posterior ends of ribs vary throughout the rib cage?

A

The number of articulations at the posterior ends of the ribs decreases progressively from ribs 2 to 10, with ribs 1 having two articulations and ribs 11 and 12 having one each.

35
Q

Why do ribs 11 and 12 have a different number of articulations compared to the other ribs?

A

Ribs 11 and 12, being the floating ribs, have only one articulation at the head, as they do not attach to the sternum and have no tubercle articulation with the transverse process of the vertebrae.

36
Q

What is the shape and characteristic feature of the anterior end of a rib?

A

: The anterior end of a rib is flattened and features an oval concave depression for articulation with costal cartilage.

37
Q

How do true ribs differ from false ribs in terms of their connection to costal cartilage?

A

True ribs (ribs 1-7) have their own individual costal cartilage connections, whereas false ribs (ribs 8-10) connect to the sternum indirectly via the costal cartilage of rib 7.

38
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the anterior end of floating ribs (ribs 11-12)?

A

Floating ribs (ribs 11-12) are free at their anterior ends, meaning they do not attach to the sternum or any other rib via costal cartilage.

39
Q

How does the structure of the anterior end of ribs contribute to rib classification?

A

The connection of ribs to costal cartilage helps classify them into true, false, or floating ribs based on whether they have their own individual connection, connect indirectly via another rib, or are free at the anterior end, respectively.

40
Q

What is the functional significance of the varying connections of ribs to costal cartilage?

A

The different connections of ribs to costal cartilage provide flexibility and support to the rib cage, allowing for efficient movement during breathing while maintaining the structural integrity of the thoracic cavity.

41
Q

How many articulations does rib #1 have at its posterior end, and what are they?

A

: Rib #1 has one head and one tubercle at its posterior end.

42
Q

Describe the posterior end articulations of ribs 2 to 10.

A

Ribs 2 to 10 each have two articulations at their posterior ends: one inferior oval-shaped head, one superior demi-facet on the head, and one tubercle.

43
Q

How many articulations are present at the posterior end of ribs 11 and 12?

A

Ribs 11 and 12 each have one head at their posterior end.

44
Q

What are the typical articulations of the thoracic vertebrae from T1 to T9?

A

Thoracic vertebrae from T1 to T9 typically have two articulations on their body: one superior oval-shaped facet and one inferior demi-facet, along with one transverse vertebral process (TVP).

45
Q

How do the articulations of the thoracic vertebrae vary at T10, T11, and T12?

A

At T10, there is one body articulation with a superior oval-shaped facet and one TVP. At T11 and T12, there is only one body articulation with a superior oval-shaped facet and no inferior demi-facet.

46
Q

What distinguishes the articulations of ribs 2-10 from those of ribs 11-12?

A

Ribs 2-10 have two articulations at their posterior ends, including one head and one tubercle, while ribs 11-12 have only one articulation, which is the head.

47
Q

How does the number of articulations at the posterior end of ribs correlate with their position in the rib cage?

A

Generally, the number of articulations decreases as you move inferiorly along the rib cage, with rib #1 having one articulation, ribs 2-10 having two, and ribs 11-12 having one.

48
Q

What anatomical features distinguish the articulations of the thoracic vertebrae from T1 to T9 compared to T10, T11, and T12?

A

Thoracic vertebrae from T1 to T9 have two articulations on their bodies, whereas T10 has only one superior oval-shaped facet. T11 and T12 each have one articulation with a superior oval-shaped facet and lack an inferior demi-facet.

49
Q

How do the articulations of ribs and thoracic vertebrae contribute to the flexibility and stability of the thoracic cage?

A

The multiple articulations between ribs and thoracic vertebrae provide flexibility for movements such as breathing while maintaining stability to protect the vital organs in the thoracic cavity.

50
Q

Why might the rib cage’s flexibility be important for respiratory function?

A

The flexibility of the rib cage allows for expansion and contraction during breathing, facilitating the inhalation and exhalation of air into and out of the lungs.

51
Q

on a typical thoracic vertebrae synoovial and cartilaginous

A

12

52
Q

how many synovial joints on typical thoracic vertebra

A

10

53
Q

What type of joint is the costovertebral joint, and what structures are involved in its formation?

A

The costovertebral joint is a synovial joint formed by the articulation between the head of a rib and two adjacent thoracic vertebrae.

54
Q

How is the joint cavity of the costovertebral joint partitioned, and what is the structure responsible for this division?

A

The joint cavity of the costovertebral joint is partitioned into two cavities by the crest attached to the interosseous ligament.

55
Q

Where does the interosseous ligament extend?

A

This ligament extends from the crest of the rib head to the annulus fibrosus of the adjacent intervertebral disc.

56
Q

What role does the interosseous ligament play in the function of the costovertebral joint?

A

The interosseous ligament provides stability to the costovertebral joint and helps maintain the alignment of the rib head with the adjacent vertebrae during movement, thereby supporting the overall mobility and flexibility of the thoracic cage.

57
Q

How does the synovial nature of the costovertebral joint contribute to its function?

A

Being a synovial joint, the costovertebral joint allows for smooth and controlled movements of the rib head relative to the adjacent vertebrae, facilitating activities such as breathing, trunk rotation, and other movements of the thoracic spine.

58
Q

What are some potential issues or conditions that can affect the costovertebral joints?

A

Conditions such as arthritis, injury, inflammation, or degenerative changes can affect the costovertebral joints, leading to symptoms such as pain, stiffness, or limited mobility of the thoracic spine. Treatment may involve medication, physical therapy, or, in severe cases, surgical intervention.

59
Q

What type of joint is the costotransverse joint, and what structures are involved in its formation?

A

a synovial joint formed by the articulation between the tubercle of a rib and the costotubercular facet of the transverse process of the adjacent thoracic vertebra.

60
Q

How does the structure of the costotransverse joint contribute to its function?

A

The synovial nature of the costotransverse joint allows for smooth movement of the rib tubercle on the costotubercular facet of the transverse process during activities such as breathing and trunk rotation, contributing to the mobility and flexibility of the thoracic spine.

61
Q

What role does the synovial fluid play in the costotransverse joint?

A

Synovial fluid lubricates the articular surfaces of the costotransverse joint, reducing friction and allowing for smooth movement between the rib tubercle and the costotubercular facet during thoracic cage movements.

62
Q

How does dysfunction or injury to the costotransverse joint affect thoracic spine function?

A

Dysfunction or injury to the costotransverse joint can result in pain, stiffness, or restricted movement of the thoracic spine. This may impair breathing mechanics and limit the range of motion of the rib cage and upper body.

63
Q

What are some common conditions or issues associated with the costotransverse joint?

A

Conditions such as costotransverse joint sprains, arthritis, inflammation, or degenerative changes can affect the function of the joint, leading to symptoms such as localized pain, swelling, or tenderness in the thoracic spine region. Treatment may involve rest, physical therapy, medications, or other interventions depending on the severity of the condition.

64
Q

How many angular depressions for ribs are there on the body of the sternum?

A

8

65
Q

How many articulating surfaces are there on ribs 11 and 12 at the posterior end? Floating Ribs

A

1

66
Q

What types of the ribs are ribs 8-10?

A

False Ribs

67
Q

Which of the following does the inferior oval facet of the head of the rib articulate?

A

Superior oval facet of corresponding vertebra

68
Q

How are ribs 8-10 connected to the sternum?

A

Via rib 7 costal cartilage

Axial Anatomy (9 decks)

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