lecture 1 Flashcards
(30 cards)
1
Q
- What is the correct pathway for visual information from the eye to the brain?
A) Retina → LGN → Optic Nerve → Visual Cortex
B) Retina → Optic Nerve → LGN → Visual Cortex
C) Retina → Visual Cortex → Optic Nerve → LGN
D) LGN → Retina → Optic Nerve → Visual Cortex
A
B
2
Q
- The receptive field of a ganglion cell is composed of which two components?
A) Horizontal and vertical
B) Simple and complex
C) Excitatory and inhibitory
D) Central and peripheral vision
A
C
3
Q
- What happens when light hits the inhibitory surround of a ganglion cell’s receptive field?
A) The cell fires rapidly
B) The firing rate increases
C) There is no response
D) The firing rate decreases
A
D
4
Q
- What type of receptive field is formed in the V1 cortex from vertically aligned LGN cells?
A) Circular
B) Diagonal
C) Elongated
D) Complex
A
C
5
Q
- What are “simple cells” in the visual cortex sensitive to?
A) Brightness only
B) Motion only
C) Position and orientation
D) Size and shape
A
C
6
Q
- What additional feature do “complex cells” in the visual cortex respond to compared to simple cells?
A) Contrast
B) Motion
C) Color
D) Sound
A
B
7
Q
- What do “hypercomplex cells” respond to?
A) All movement
B) Edges only
C) Bars of a certain length and orientation
D) Entire objects
A
C
8
Q
- Orientation columns in the cortex are organized such that:
A) All cells in the cortex respond to horizontal bars only
B) Each patch of cortex responds randomly to any angle
C) Each hemisphere has only one type of orientation column
D)Adjacent areas respond to progressively different orientations
A
D
9
Q
- Gestalt psychology suggests that perceptual grouping is guided by:
A) Grouping principles such as similarity and proximity
B) Sensory overload
C) Random chance
D) Only learned experiences
A
A
10
Q
- Which Gestalt principle is demonstrated when elements moving in the same direction are grouped together?
A) Proximity
B) Similarity
C) Common fate
D) Closure
A
C
11
Q
- What side of the brain processes the left half of the visual world?
A) Left side
B) Right side
C) Both sides
D) Neither side
A
B
12
Q
- What discovery earned Hubel and Wiesel the Nobel Prize?
A) The retina’s ability to detect motion
B) The function of rods and cones
C) How cells in the visual cortex respond to edges and contours
D) The role of the pupil in light adaptation
A
C
13
Q
- What happens if a stimulus bar is oriented at a right angle to an elongated receptive field in V1?
A) Strong excitatory response
B) No change in firing
C) Increased inhibition
D) Both B and C
A
D
14
Q
- Why does a very thin bar stimulus not effectively excite a V1 cell?
A) It causes inhibition in the periphery
B) It bypasses the LGN
C) It doesn’t deliver enough light to the receptive field center
D) It excites multiple simple cells at once
A
C
15
Q
- What additional property do complex cells have compared to simple cells?
A) Sensitivity to wavelength
B) Sensitivity to motion
C) Sensitivity to luminance
D) Sensitivity to multiple eye inputs
A
B
16
Q
- What characterizes a hypercomplex cell’s receptive field?
A) Circular with uniform excitation
B) Elongated and motion-sensitive
C) Contains excitatory center and inhibitory ends, tuned to specific bar lengths
D) Fully inhibitory across the field
A
C
17
Q
- Which of the following is not a Gestalt grouping principle mentioned in the lecture?
A) Similarity
B) Proximity
C) Brightness adaptation
D) Common fate
A
C
18
Q
- In the context of Gestalt psychology, which principle can override proximity?
A) Common fate
B) Closure
C) Continuity
D) Orientation
A
B
19
Q
- What is a “retinotopic map”?
A) A chart of color sensitivity across the retina
B) A representation of auditory information in the cortex
C) Mapping of visual input from retina to corresponding locations in the cortex
D) Genetic mapping of visual traits
A
C
20
Q
- What results from damage to the visual cortex in only one hemisphere?
A) Complete blindness
B) No visual impairment
C) Blindness in one eye
D) Visual field defect on the opposite side
A
D
21
Q
- What type of visual feature do simple cells in the primary visual cortex (V1) primarily detect?
A) Color differences
B) Specific orientations of edges
C) Motion across the retina
D) Changes in depth perception
A
B
22
Q
- What happens when light is shown only in the periphery of an on-centered ganglion cell’s receptive field?
A) Excitatory firing
B) No change in firing
C) Inhibitory response
D) Constant high activity
A
C
23
Q
- What is the function of orientation columns in the visual cortex?
A) Process color perception
B) Organize cells by light intensity
C) Group cells tuned to similar angles of orientation
D) Separate inputs from each ear
A
C
24
Q
- Why do larger bars fail to excite hypercomplex cells effectively?
A) They extend into the inhibitory regions of the receptive field
B) They bypass the LGN pathway
C) They move too slowly
D) They reflect too little light
A
A
25
25. What is meant by the phrase "The whole is more than the sum of its parts" in Gestalt psychology?
A) Sensory data is irrelevant
B) Perception is entirely based on logic
C) Perception organizes elements into unified wholes that are different from individual components
D) Memory determines what we perceive
C
26
26. What kind of stimuli do cells in the secondary visual cortex (V2) respond to in addition to real edges?
A) Sound patterns
B) Illusory contours
C) Chemical signals
D) Motion only
B
27
27. What defines the spatial tuning of simple and complex cells in early visual areas?
A) Frequency of light
B) Position and orientation of stimuli
C) Auditory input
D) Pupil dilation
B
28
28. Which Gestalt principle is most responsible for perceiving an illusory sphere made from edge continuity?
A) Closure
B) Proximity
C) Good continuity
D) Common fate
C
29
29. How do complex cells differ from simple cells in terms of their response to visual stimuli?
A) They ignore orientation
B) They respond to both orientation and movement
C) They are not found in V1
D) They respond to depth only
B
30
30. What visual cortex area processes orientation, size, and illusory contours reflecting Gestalt principles?
A) V1
B) LGN
C) Retina
D) V2
D
