Lecture 4

Question 1

What did Darwin suggest about the production of facial expressions?

a) That they are culturally learned.
b) That they are innate.
c) That they are developed through imitation.
d) That they differ significantly across cultures.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What evidence supports the idea that the production of facial expressions is innate?

a) Cultural similarities in expressions.
b) Developmental similarity in expressions.
c) Normal expressions in deaf and blind children.
d) All of the above.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which part of the face is considered most expressive in Western cultures?

a) The eye regions.
b) The mouth region.
c) The forehead.
d) The nose

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which part of the face is considered most expressive in East Asian cultures?

a) The mouth region.
b) The eye regions.
c) The cheeks.
d) The chin.

Answer 4

B

Question 5

How do lab-reared monkeys typically learn fear of snakes?

a) They learn if another monkey is seen fearing snakes.
b) They are innately afraid of them.
c) Through direct negative experiences.
d) They never learn to fear snakes.

Answer 5

A

Question 6

What brain region did Morris et al. (1996) find to be activated by fearful expressions?

a) The amygdala.
b) The insular cortex.
c) The orbital frontal cortex.
d) The ventral thalamus.

Answer 6

A

Question 7

What effect do happy expressions have on the amygdala?

a) They activate it.
b) They have no effect on it.
c) They inhibit it.
d) They only affect the left amygdala

Answer 7

C

Question 8

What is a consequence of amygdala damage regarding fear?

a) Increased sensitivity to facial expressions of fear.
b) Reduced sensitivity to facial expressions of fear.
c) Increased experience of fear.
d) Enhanced recognition of fear.

Answer 8

B

Question 9

Patients lacking an amygdala tend to look less at which part of the face?

a) The mouth.
b) The nose.
c) The eyes.
d) The forehead.

Answer 9

C

Question 10

What is a utility or purpose of disgust?

a) Helps avoid illness.
b) Closes off senses and stops ingestion.
c) Aids social learning.
d) All of the above

Answer 10

D

Question 11

Which brain region is activated when disgust is witnessed?

a) The amygdala.
b) The insular cortex.

c) The hippocampus.
d) The cerebellum.

Answer 11

B

Question 12

When experiencing unpleasant odours, which brain region is activated?

a) The anterior insular.
b) The posterior insular.
c) The orbital frontal cortex.
d) The ventral thalamus

Answer 12

A

Question 13

Is the same brain region activated by the sight of disgust and the experience of unpleasant smells?

a) No.
b) Yes.
c) Only if the smells are very strong.
d) Only if the visual stimulus is clear

Answer 13

B

Question 14

Damage to which brain region can impair the ability to recognize disgust?

a) Amygdala.
b) Insula cortex.
c) Basal ganglia.
d) Both b and c.

Answer 14

D

Question 15

What is a “negativity bias” associated with?

a) Conduct disorders.
b) Depression.
c) Anxiety disorders.
d) Bipolar disorder.

Answer 15

B

Question 16

What is “hostile attribution bias” associated with?

a) Depression.
b) Schizophrenia.
c) Conduct disorders.
d) Obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Answer 16

C

Question 17

What did training adolescent males with conduct disorder to shift emotion attribution result in?

a) Increased levels of anger.
b) Higher levels of aggressive behavior.
c) Report lower levels of anger.
d) No change in behavior.

Answer 17

C

Question 18

What causal role do biases in the perception of emotional expressions have?

a) In happiness.
b) In anger and aggressive behavior.
c) In empathy.
d) In memory formation.

Answer 18

B

Question 19

What brain region, sometimes called the pleasure center, has activity modulated by the attractiveness of a face and gaze direction?

a) The amygdala.
b) The insular cortex.
c) The ventral thalamus.
d) The hippocampus.

Answer 19

C

Question 20

Which brain region responds more when individuals are looking at attractive faces?

a) The amygdala.
b) The insular cortex.
c) The orbital frontal cortex.
d) The ventral thalamus.

Answer 20

C

Question 21

What two dimensions did the orbital frontal cortex show sensitivity to, regarding faces?

a) Age and gender.
b) Attractiveness and positive emotions.
c) Race and ethnicity.
d) Familiarity and novelty.

Answer 21

B

Question 22

What can emotional expressions affect regarding the interpretation of others?

a) Their intelligence.
b) Their personality traits.
c) Their social status.
d) Their attractiveness.

Answer 22

D

Question 23

What is an important social signal for interactions between individuals?

a) Gaze direction.
b) Hand gestures.
c) Body posture.
d) Vocal tone.

Answer 23

A

Question 24

When is the “gaze reward system” activated?

a) When the observer looks away.
b) When the observer looks at you.
c) When the observer is bored.
d) When the observer is angry.

Answer 24

B

Question 25

What did John O’Doherty et al. (2003) investigate regarding facial expressions? a) Their role in memory. b) Their role in decision-making. c) Their role in attractiveness and classification. d) Their role in problem-solving.

Answer 25

C

Question 26

What characteristic makes a face attractive, besides its inherent features? a) If it is looking and smiling at you. b) If it has perfect symmetry. c) If it has unique features. d) If it is a neutral expression.

Answer 26

A

Question 27

What happens when the insula cortex is damaged due to Huntington's chorea or stroke? a) It enhances the ability to recognize disgust. b) It impairs the ability to recognize disgust. c) It affects vision. d) It affects hearing.

Answer 27

B

Question 28

What does the activation of our own insula when witnessing others' disgust imply? a) We are experiencing fear. b) We are experiencing surprise. c) We are experiencing happiness. d) We are experiencing disgust ourselves, aiding social learning.

Answer 28

D

Question 29

What can be influenced by biased emotion perceptions? a) Mood disorders. b) Memory recall. c) Motor skills. d) Speech production.

Answer 29

A

Question 30

In what way do emotional expressions contribute to social learning, similar to fear of snakes? a) By inducing boredom. b) By promoting individual isolation. c) By aiding contagious animal responses for things like food preferences. d) By discouraging social interaction.

Answer 30

C