Lecture 8 Flashcards
(19 cards)
What two types of processing are used in vision?
a) Only bottom-up processing.
b) Only top-down processing.
c) Both top-down and bottom-up processing.
d) Lateral processing.
C
What does “bidirectional processing models” imply about information flow in the brain?
a) Information flows only from memory to the cortex.
b) Information flows only from the retina inwards.
c) Information flows both ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’.
d) Information flows only in one direction
C
How do expectations influence perception in top-down processing?
a) They increase the threshold for likely items.
b) They lower the threshold for likely items.
c) They have no effect on perception.
d) They only affect visual acuity.
B
According to Binzegger et al. (2004), what percentage of visual experience is reconstruction from context or hallucination?
a) 3%
b) 50%
c) 97%
d) 100%
C
What is the “word superiority effect”?
a) Detecting a letter is harder when it is in a word.
b) Detecting a letter is easier when it is in a word.
c) Words are always recognized faster than single letters.
d) Word context has no impact on letter detection.
B
Which brain area is activated by the sight of faces?
a) Parahippocampal Place Area.
b) Fusiform Face Area.
c) Visual area V1.
d) LGN.
B
Which brain area is activated by the sight of buildings, houses, or places?
a) Fusiform Face Area.
b) Extrastriate Body Area.
c) Parahippocampal Place Area.
d) V5 (MT).
C
Can visual areas like the fusiform face area be activated by imagination without visual input?
a) Yes, thinking of faces can activate it.
b) No, only by direct visual input.
c) Only if the person is an artist.
d) Only if the person has brain damage.
A
At what age do infants typically begin to appreciate object permanence (continue to search for a hidden object)?
a) Less than 6 months.
b) Around 6 months.
c) At 1 year.
d) At 7 months.
D
What is “object permanence”?
a) The ability to remember object colors.
b) The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
c) The ability to identify objects.
d) The ability to track moving objects.
B
What did Scrub jays do when deciding what food to retrieve after hiding it for a week?
a) They retrieved non-perishable items like nuts rather than perishable items like worms.
b) They retrieved perishable items first.
c) They retrieved food randomly.
d) They did not retrieve any food.
A
In signal detection theory, what happens if there is a “target present (‘Yes’) bias”?
a) It generates misses.
b) It decreases hits.
c) It increases correct rejections.
d) It generates false alarms.
D
What is perceptual priming?
a) Brief images or words can affect recognition and bias behavior even without full awareness.
b) It only affects conscious recognition.
c) It is always a conscious process.
d) It has no effect on memory.
A
What are “fixations” in eye movements?
a) Jumps between pauses.
b) Pauses when the eyes are still.
c) Slow tracking of moving objects.
d) Rapid eye movements.
B
Why does the world appear static when our eyes move?
a) Because our visual system is turned off during fast eye movements.
b) Because the brain compensates for all eye movements.
c) Because objects themselves are not moving.
d) Because we only see static images.
A
What is “feedback” in the context of information flow in the brain?
a) Flow of information from lower to higher brain areas.
b) Flow of information from higher to lower brain areas, used to modulate sensory processing.
c) Only sensory input.
d) Only motor commands.
B
What is “feedforward” in the context of information flow in the brain?
a) Flow of information from higher to lower brain areas.
b) Only used for sensory input.
c) Only used for planned movements.
d) Flow of information from lower to higher processing areas.
D
What is an “efference copy” of commands to move eyes used for?
a) To increase incoming image movements.
b) To provide sensory feedback
c) To generate new motor commands.
d) To cancel incoming image movements.
D
According to Frith, how might schizophrenics perceive their own sub-vocal speech?
a) They recognize it as self-generated.
b) They may not realize it is self-generated.
c) They perceive it as external voices.
d) They perceive it as controlled by others.
B
