Lecture 6 Flashcards
(28 cards)
What is the definition of a visual illusion?
a) When what we see perfectly matches what is physically present in the world.
b) When what we see does not correspond to what is physically present in the world.
c) When our eyes perceive colors differently than usual.
d) When objects appear to move even though they are static.
B
What causes negative color afterimages?
a) Increased activity in color receptors.
b) Pigment bleaching/neuronal fatigue and opponent processing of color.
c) A change in the physical position of colors.
d) The brightness of the initial image
B
Which phenomenon is an example of motion aftereffect?
a) The Waterfall illusion.
b) Brightness contrast.
c) The Ponzo illusion.
d) The Muller-Lyer illusion.
A
What is the explanation for motion aftereffect?
a) Enhanced neuronal activity.
b) Pigment bleaching.
c) Neuronal fatigue and opponent processing of motion direction.
d) Changes in retinal image size.
C
What is the perceptual principle for illusions that occur over time?
a) The visual system adapts to changes.
b) The visual system adapts to a steady state and codes (overemphasizes) change in values across time.
c) The visual system ignores steady states.
d) The visual system only responds to novel stimuli.
B
In brightness contrast, how is object brightness coded?
a) Absolutely.
b) Based on its distance.
c) Based on its color.
d) Relative to the surround brightness.
D
What causes the Moon to appear to move in the opposite direction to clouds (motion contrast)?
a) The Moon is actually moving.
b) The Moon’s brightness changes.
c) Motion contrast induces motion, making the static Moon appear to move in the opposite way due to cloud movement.
d) The observer is also moving.
C
Which of these is an example of an illusion over space?
a) Motion aftereffect.
b) Brightness contrast.
c) Color aftereffects.
d) Orientation aftereffect
B
How is object size inferred according to the size-distance relationship?
a) Only from the image size.
b) Only from object familiarity
c) Independently of distance.
d) From perceived distance and image.
D
For two objects with the same image size, which one is seen as larger?
a) The object appearing closer.
b) The object appearing further away.
c) The object with brighter color.
d) The object with more texture.
B
What was Gregory’s theory about how the visual system interprets size?
a) It makes hypotheses about distance to objects based on evidence in the image, followed by interpretation of size.
b) It directly measures object size.
c) It relies solely on retinal image size.
d) It ignores distance cues.
A
What is the Ponzo illusion an example of?
a) An illusion of motion.
b) An illusion of color.
c) An illusion of size, where converging lines suggest distance and make equally long horizontal lines appear different lengths.
d) An illusion of orientation.
C
What is the Müller-Lyer illusion?
a) An illusion where parallel lines appear curved.
b) An illusion where two objectively equal lines appear perceptually different in length due to inward or outward pointing fins.
c) An illusion of brightness.
d) An illusion of motion.
B
What is the explanation for the Müller-Lyer illusion?
a) It is due to eye movements.
b) It is caused by neuronal fatigue.
c) It is a result of color processing.
d) Perspective cues set up a false interpretation of distance.
D
How does the Ames room create an illusion of size?
a) It has false distance cues, making left and right corners appear equally far when they are not, so retinal size differences are seen as real size differences.
b) It uses perfectly symmetrical walls.
c) It relies on strong lighting effects.
d) It is designed to manipulate color perception.
A
What does the “carpentered world” hypothesis suggest about geometric illusions?
a) That they are less pronounced in cultures with many right angles.
b) That they are more pronounced in cultures where people are exposed to right angles, like buildings and furniture.
c) That they are universal and unaffected by environment.
d) That they are learned behaviors.
B
Why does the visual system interpret right angles as corners in 3D space, according to the “carpentered world” hypothesis?
a) It is an innate ability.
b) It is a random interpretation.
c) The visual system is trained to recognize these right angles.
d) It is a result of genetic predispositions.
C
What was the finding from studying people in round huts in South Africa regarding geometric illusions?
a) They did not experience geometric illusions.
b) They suffered from geometric illusions in the same way as others, suggesting right angles can still be found in their environment.
c) They experienced different types of illusions.
d) Their visual system was less developed.
B
What is a characteristic of ambiguous figures like the Necker cube?
a) They have only one possible 3-D interpretation.
b) They always appear flat.
c) They are impossible to perceive.
d) 2-D images have one or more 3-D interpretations, but only one is entertained at a time.
D
What is true about Escher’s prints (impossible figures)?
a) The brain cannot compute 3-D structure from all parts at once, and each part looks plausible in isolation.
b) The brain can compute their 3-D structure perfectly.
c) They are easily understandable as real objects.
d) They only work as illusions in certain lighting conditions.
A
What is the Penrose triangle?
a) A simple geometric shape.
b) A drawing that tricks the brain into perceiving a three-dimensional object that cannot exist in reality.
c) A type of optical instrument.
d) A tool for measuring depth.
B
Which of the following is NOT an illusion over time?
a) Brightness aftereffect.
b) Color aftereffects.
c) Orientation contrast.
d) Motion aftereffect
C
When two objects have the same image size, what makes one appear further away?
a) Its color.
b) Its texture.
c) The context and surrounding cues suggesting greater distance.
d) Its perceived lightness.
C
What is the effect of motion contrast on static objects?
a) It makes them appear brighter.
b) It makes them appear to move.
c) It makes them appear smaller.
d) It makes them appear sharper.
B
