Lecture 1 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Human Behavior Ecology examines how – factors influence and shape behavioral flexibility within and between populations
A
ecological and social
2
Q
– is the result of complex interaction between biology and environment
A
behavior
3
Q
HBE assumes behavior is quite –
A
flexible
4
Q
behavior is – dependent
A
context
5
Q
the study of human adaptation to the social and physical environment
A
cultural ecology
6
Q
evolution and adaptive design in ecological context
A
ethology/evolutionary ecology
7
Q
– are the theoretical underpinnings of HBE
A
cultural ecology and ethology
8
Q
nature of human activity controlled by parameters of physical world
A
determinists
9
Q
determinists view humans as – agents
A
passive
10
Q
the environment sets some constraints but cultural diversity is largely determined by man’s actions
A
possibilists
11
Q
possibilists view humans as – agents
A
active
12
Q
cultural ecology lacks a strong – from which to derive hypotheses
A
theoretical basis
13
Q
cultural ecology is mainly –
A
correlational
14
Q
the study of ethology became prominent in the –
A
1950s
15
Q
ethology, study of animal behavior focused on – behavior
A
instinctual
16
Q
shared the nobel prize in Physiology with von Frisch for their work on social behavior patterns in animals
A
Tinbergen and Lorenz
17
Q
Tinbergen’s Question: What are the mechanisms that – behavior?
A
cause
18
Q
Tinbergen’s Question: How does the behavior – in the individual?
A
develop (ontogeny)
19
Q
Tinbergen’s Question: How has the behavior – How does the behavior compare to that found in related species?
A
evolve
20
Q
Tinbergen’s Question: What is the survival value of the behavior?
A
adaptive function
21
Q
– cause is what enables the organism to manifest the behavior
A
proximate
22
Q
– cause is how and why the behavior came to be
A
ultimate
23
Q
Cultural ecology and Theory of Culture Change
A
Steward
24
Q
Why does ecology affect behavior?
A
natural selection
25
proximate cause is the -- mechanism or stimulus that initiates or triggers a pattern of behavior
immediate
26
What causes birds to fly south for the winter? They sense and respond to environmental cues such as shortened day length
proximate cause
27
What causes birds to fly south for the winter? There is more food further south in the winter
ultimate cause
28
ultimate cause is the explanation that reveals the -- of a trait
adaptive value
29
What are the mechanisms that cause declines in fertility? -- cause
proximate
30
What (if any) is the adaptive function of a decline in average fertility? -- cause
ultimate
31
E.O. Wilson' -- includes principles of population biology, kin selection, animal communication, social species, and humans
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
32
Wilson claimed that there is a -- to all human social behavior
biological basis
33
Wilson claimed that Biology is primary, culture and environment are layered on top. All -- is linked to biology
social behavior
34
Wilson's claim is more on the -- side
deterministic
35
Wilson's claim reignited -- debates
nature/nurture
36
Genetic basis to human behavior
genetic determinism
37
T/F: Genetic determinism led to outcries about links to eugenics, racism, sexism etc.
true
38
Sahlin's believed that human behavior is -- from biological implications (pro-nature)
exempt
39
Behavior is influenced either by biology or culture is a --
false dichotomy
40
Biology and environment/culture interact— -- is a product of both.
behavior
41
Three main approaches to the study of human behavior using an evolutionary perspective are Human Behavioral Ecology, Evolutionary Psychology, and --
Dual Inheritance Theory
42
Explanatory Focus of HBE
behavioral strategies
43
Explanatory Focus of Evolutionary psychology
psychological mechanisms
44
Explanatory Focus of Dual inheritance theory
cultural change (evolution)
45
Hypothesized Temporal Scale for adaptive change for HBE
short-term (phenotypic)
46
Hypothesized Temporal Scale for adaptive change for evolutionary psychology
long-term (genetic)
47
Hypothesized Temporal Scale for adaptive change for dual inheritance theory
medium-term (cultural)
48
Expected Current Adaptiveness for HBE
highest
49
Expected Current Adaptiveness for evolutionary psychology
lowest
50
Expected Current Adaptiveness for dual inheritance theory
intermediate
51
a trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism and which is maintained and evolved via natural selection
adaptation
52
Adaptations are critical to -- = survival and reproduction
fitness
53
-- can occur through multiple processes: mutation, drift, gene flow
evolution
54
Only -- can produce directional change and complex adaptive design
natural selection
55
Basic principles of natural selection are used to derive testable predictions
hypothetico-deductive research strategy
56
a criticism (yet strength) of hypothetico-deductive research strategy is that it is fairly -- as it looks for main effects
reductionist
57
hypothetico-deductive research strategy always take -- into account
context (mixed of methods such as surveys, interviews, participant observation)
58
On average, in context X do A and in context Y do B
conditional strategies
59
The more complex the socioecological environmental, the more behavioral -- there are.
alternatives
60
conditional strategies are not rigid determinism, but -- behavioral response (within limits)
flexible
61
Genetics underlies human behavior and physiology
phenotypic gambit
62
HBE is interested in the -- that shape particular traits, rather than in knowing the specific genes that are associated with it
selective forces
63
-- is a major selective force in shaping traits (other is culture)
Ecology
64
Human behavior has a high amount of phenotypic --.
plasticity
65
the physical expression of a trait, resulting from both genes and environment (e.g. eye color)
phenotype
66
capable of being shaped or formed
plasticity
67
is the ability of an individual to change its physiology, morphology and/or behavior in response to a change in the environmental conditions.
phenotypic plasticity
68
The ability to be plastic is an--
adaptation
69
major areas of HBE research include: --
• Resource transfers and cooperation
• Mating and parenting strategies
• Life history decisions
Resource acquisition
70
HBE focuses largely on measuring and analyzing -- occurring behavior
naturally (What people are actually doing in their everyday lives)
71
T/F: HBE Focus is on tracking behavior across a number of individuals, instead of focusing on the life story of a single person or small few
true
72
tracking a single individual for an extended period (20 min – 12 hours)
focal follow
73
tracking of behavior at particular (randomly chosen) moments
instantaneous scans
74
An inventory of behaviors or actions exhibited by an animal (used in animal behavior studies of non- humans as well)
ethograms
75
time allocation are --than retrospective
| accounts of behavior
More reliable
76
Random spot checks (instantaneous scans) can provide a large amount of data while minimizing --
costs
77
instantaneous scans
• Can study longer periods (multiple seasons)
• Larger -- than with interviews
samples sizes
78
T/F: time allocation is very labor intensive
true
79
Issues with time allocation
• Coding takes additional time upon return from the field
• Time for Acclimation
• Codes alone do not provide much -- about behavior
context
80
Issues with time allocation
• Dealing with Absence:
• How do you record the activities of those who were not present at the time of a scan?
• Record nothing?
• Retrospective questioning?
• Third party accounts?
--
• Depending on location of sampling (e.g. social event), certain types of people (e.g. loners) may be underrepresented
• Private activities may be underreported (e.g. sex)
Sampling Bias:
81
T/F: Individual Interviews can yield both quantitative and qualitative data
true
82
* Topic-focused (often used early in a study)
* Semi-structured or unstructured
* Builds dialogue and response
focus groups
83
Participants may disproportionately remember certain types of events
recall bias
84
Some topics are difficult to discuss and may be more likely to elicit non- response or false responses
subject sensitivity
85
* Who is currently in residence? (name, sex, age)
| * Who is typically in residence?
residence groups
86
Hunting partnerships, ritual participation
ephemeral groups
87
Interview living members about previous group composition (often done with physical aids like photographs or other documents)
historical groups
88
HBE is heavily reliant on -- observation in order to understand cultural complexity and nuance in human behavior in particular contexts
participant
89
Predictions derived from evolutionary theory
hypothesis testing
90
common dating analysis “Hunting success is positively associated with having more surviving children.”
correlational data
91
rare dating analysis Putting a child into fosterage leads to increased fertility later in life
causal links
92
T/F: HBE focuses on responses to hypothetical scenarios
false
93
T/F: HBE focuses on behavioral lab experiments
false
94
T/F: scans are easier than follows
true
95
-- data include marital and reproductive histories, recall/time diaries, social networks
quantitative
96
-- data include detailed data and context about an event/decision and nuanced responses (rather than yes-no answers)
qualitative
97
focus groups contain -- individuals
3-6
98
issues with census data -- persons
missing
99
Tinbergen's Four Questions focused on causation, -- , evolution, and adaptive function
ontogeny
