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1
Q

Human Behavior Ecology examines how – factors influence and shape behavioral flexibility within and between populations

A

ecological and social

2
Q

– is the result of complex interaction between biology and environment

A

behavior

3
Q

HBE assumes behavior is quite –

A

flexible

4
Q

behavior is – dependent

A

context

5
Q

the study of human adaptation to the social and physical environment

A

cultural ecology

6
Q

evolution and adaptive design in ecological context

A

ethology/evolutionary ecology

7
Q

– are the theoretical underpinnings of HBE

A

cultural ecology and ethology

8
Q

nature of human activity controlled by parameters of physical world

A

determinists

9
Q

determinists view humans as – agents

A

passive

10
Q

the environment sets some constraints but cultural diversity is largely determined by man’s actions

A

possibilists

11
Q

possibilists view humans as – agents

A

active

12
Q

cultural ecology lacks a strong – from which to derive hypotheses

A

theoretical basis

13
Q

cultural ecology is mainly –

A

correlational

14
Q

the study of ethology became prominent in the –

A

1950s

15
Q

ethology, study of animal behavior focused on – behavior

A

instinctual

16
Q

shared the nobel prize in Physiology with von Frisch for their work on social behavior patterns in animals

A

Tinbergen and Lorenz

17
Q

Tinbergen’s Question: What are the mechanisms that – behavior?

A

cause

18
Q

Tinbergen’s Question: How does the behavior – in the individual?

A

develop (ontogeny)

19
Q

Tinbergen’s Question: How has the behavior – How does the behavior compare to that found in related species?

A

evolve

20
Q

Tinbergen’s Question: What is the survival value of the behavior?

A

adaptive function

21
Q

– cause is what enables the organism to manifest the behavior

A

proximate

22
Q

– cause is how and why the behavior came to be

A

ultimate

23
Q

Cultural ecology and Theory of Culture Change

A

Steward

24
Q

Why does ecology affect behavior?

A

natural selection

25
Q

proximate cause is the – mechanism or stimulus that initiates or triggers a pattern of behavior

A

immediate

26
Q

What causes birds to fly south for the winter? They sense and respond to environmental cues such as shortened day length

A

proximate cause

27
Q

What causes birds to fly south for the winter? There is more food further south in the winter

A

ultimate cause

28
Q

ultimate cause is the explanation that reveals the – of a trait

A

adaptive value

29
Q

What are the mechanisms that cause declines in fertility? – cause

A

proximate

30
Q

What (if any) is the adaptive function of a decline in average fertility? – cause

A

ultimate

31
Q

E.O. Wilson’ – includes principles of population biology, kin selection, animal communication, social species, and humans

A

Sociobiology: The New Synthesis

32
Q

Wilson claimed that there is a – to all human social behavior

A

biological basis

33
Q

Wilson claimed that Biology is primary, culture and environment are layered on top. All – is linked to biology

A

social behavior

34
Q

Wilson’s claim is more on the – side

A

deterministic

35
Q

Wilson’s claim reignited – debates

A

nature/nurture

36
Q

Genetic basis to human behavior

A

genetic determinism

37
Q

T/F: Genetic determinism led to outcries about links to eugenics, racism, sexism etc.

A

true

38
Q

Sahlin’s believed that human behavior is – from biological implications (pro-nature)

A

exempt

39
Q

Behavior is influenced either by biology or culture is a –

A

false dichotomy

40
Q

Biology and environment/culture interact— – is a product of both.

A

behavior

41
Q

Three main approaches to the study of human behavior using an evolutionary perspective are Human Behavioral Ecology, Evolutionary Psychology, and –

A

Dual Inheritance Theory

42
Q

Explanatory Focus of HBE

A

behavioral strategies

43
Q

Explanatory Focus of Evolutionary psychology

A

psychological mechanisms

44
Q

Explanatory Focus of Dual inheritance theory

A

cultural change (evolution)

45
Q

Hypothesized Temporal Scale for adaptive change for HBE

A

short-term (phenotypic)

46
Q

Hypothesized Temporal Scale for adaptive change for evolutionary psychology

A

long-term (genetic)

47
Q

Hypothesized Temporal Scale for adaptive change for dual inheritance theory

A

medium-term (cultural)

48
Q

Expected Current Adaptiveness for HBE

A

highest

49
Q

Expected Current Adaptiveness for evolutionary psychology

A

lowest

50
Q

Expected Current Adaptiveness for dual inheritance theory

A

intermediate

51
Q

a trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism and which is maintained and evolved via natural selection

A

adaptation

52
Q

Adaptations are critical to – = survival and reproduction

A

fitness

53
Q

– can occur through multiple processes: mutation, drift, gene flow

A

evolution

54
Q

Only – can produce directional change and complex adaptive design

A

natural selection

55
Q

Basic principles of natural selection are used to derive testable predictions

A

hypothetico-deductive research strategy

56
Q

a criticism (yet strength) of hypothetico-deductive research strategy is that it is fairly – as it looks for main effects

A

reductionist

57
Q

hypothetico-deductive research strategy always take – into account

A

context (mixed of methods such as surveys, interviews, participant observation)

58
Q

On average, in context X do A and in context Y do B

A

conditional strategies

59
Q

The more complex the socioecological environmental, the more behavioral – there are.

A

alternatives

60
Q

conditional strategies are not rigid determinism, but – behavioral response (within limits)

A

flexible

61
Q

Genetics underlies human behavior and physiology

A

phenotypic gambit

62
Q

HBE is interested in the – that shape particular traits, rather than in knowing the specific genes that are associated with it

A

selective forces

63
Q

– is a major selective force in shaping traits (other is culture)

A

Ecology

64
Q

Human behavior has a high amount of phenotypic –.

A

plasticity

65
Q

the physical expression of a trait, resulting from both genes and environment (e.g. eye color)

A

phenotype

66
Q

capable of being shaped or formed

A

plasticity

67
Q

is the ability of an individual to change its physiology, morphology and/or behavior in response to a change in the environmental conditions.

A

phenotypic plasticity

68
Q

The ability to be plastic is an–

A

adaptation

69
Q

major areas of HBE research include: –
• Resource transfers and cooperation
• Mating and parenting strategies
• Life history decisions

A

Resource acquisition

70
Q

HBE focuses largely on measuring and analyzing – occurring behavior

A

naturally (What people are actually doing in their everyday lives)

71
Q

T/F: HBE Focus is on tracking behavior across a number of individuals, instead of focusing on the life story of a single person or small few

A

true

72
Q

tracking a single individual for an extended period (20 min – 12 hours)

A

focal follow

73
Q

tracking of behavior at particular (randomly chosen) moments

A

instantaneous scans

74
Q

An inventory of behaviors or actions exhibited by an animal (used in animal behavior studies of non- humans as well)

A

ethograms

75
Q

time allocation are –than retrospective

accounts of behavior

A

More reliable

76
Q

Random spot checks (instantaneous scans) can provide a large amount of data while minimizing –

A

costs

77
Q

instantaneous scans
• Can study longer periods (multiple seasons)
• Larger – than with interviews

A

samples sizes

78
Q

T/F: time allocation is very labor intensive

A

true

79
Q

Issues with time allocation
• Coding takes additional time upon return from the field
• Time for Acclimation
• Codes alone do not provide much – about behavior

A

context

80
Q

Issues with time allocation
• Dealing with Absence:
• How do you record the activities of those who were not present at the time of a scan?
• Record nothing?
• Retrospective questioning?
• Third party accounts?

• Depending on location of sampling (e.g. social event), certain types of people (e.g. loners) may be underrepresented
• Private activities may be underreported (e.g. sex)

A

Sampling Bias:

81
Q

T/F: Individual Interviews can yield both quantitative and qualitative data

A

true

82
Q
  • Topic-focused (often used early in a study)
  • Semi-structured or unstructured
  • Builds dialogue and response
A

focus groups

83
Q

Participants may disproportionately remember certain types of events

A

recall bias

84
Q

Some topics are difficult to discuss and may be more likely to elicit non- response or false responses

A

subject sensitivity

85
Q
  • Who is currently in residence? (name, sex, age)

* Who is typically in residence?

A

residence groups

86
Q

Hunting partnerships, ritual participation

A

ephemeral groups

87
Q

Interview living members about previous group composition (often done with physical aids like photographs or other documents)

A

historical groups

88
Q

HBE is heavily reliant on – observation in order to understand cultural complexity and nuance in human behavior in particular contexts

A

participant

89
Q

Predictions derived from evolutionary theory

A

hypothesis testing

90
Q

common dating analysis “Hunting success is positively associated with having more surviving children.”

A

correlational data

91
Q

rare dating analysis Putting a child into fosterage leads to increased fertility later in life

A

causal links

92
Q

T/F: HBE focuses on responses to hypothetical scenarios

A

false

93
Q

T/F: HBE focuses on behavioral lab experiments

A

false

94
Q

T/F: scans are easier than follows

A

true

95
Q

– data include marital and reproductive histories, recall/time diaries, social networks

A

quantitative

96
Q

– data include detailed data and context about an event/decision and nuanced responses (rather than yes-no answers)

A

qualitative

97
Q

focus groups contain – individuals

A

3-6

98
Q

issues with census data – persons

A

missing

99
Q

Tinbergen’s Four Questions focused on causation, – , evolution, and adaptive function

A

ontogeny