Lecture 2

Question 1

human anomaly: humans can master –, technology, modify environments, and developed culture beyond survival

Answer 1

various environments

Question 2

language is limited to vocabulary recognition not –

Answer 2

grammar

Question 3

T/F: primitive tool use in chimps

Answer 3

true

Question 4

food sharing in the wild is quite –

Answer 4

limited

Question 5

experimental games show limited – tendencies among chimps

Answer 5

pro-social

Question 6

one fundamental trait that sets humans apart: extensive reliance on – resulting in cumulative culture

Answer 6

social learning

Question 7

one fundamental trait that sets humans apart: extraordinary cooperation between – including specialization, trade and complex alliance networks

Answer 7

non-kin

Question 8

– is information stored in brains, institutions, and material goods that is transmitted socially and influences behavior

Answer 8

culture

Question 9

T/F: particular units of culture (ideas, trends) change in frequency over time

Answer 9

true

Question 10

other species have learned and regionally – but these are thought to be qualitatively different from human culture

Answer 10

specific traditions

Question 11

the ability to display increasing complex behaviors built on prior socially transmitted info

Answer 11

cumulative cultural adaptation

Question 12

modifications and improvements are transferred faithfully until further changes – things up again

Answer 12

ratchet

Question 13

humans focus on – as much as or more than product

Answer 13

process

Question 14

T/F: children tend to “over-imitate”

Answer 14

true

Question 15

T/F: teaching is common in humans but rare in other species

Answer 15

true

Question 16

human imitation extends to – and emotions (e.g. altruistic or pro-social tendencies)

Answer 16

behaviors

Question 17

humans have – in their learning

Answer 17

biases (i.e. prestige bias)

Question 18

key components of human culture are – learned norms and behaviors

Answer 18

socially

Question 19

culturally specific rules about behavior are –

Answer 19

universal

Question 20

T/F: kin cooperation is common in many species

Answer 20

true

Question 21

the ability to cooperate with large numbers of unrelated individuals

Answer 21

ultrasociality

Question 22

economist predictions that humans should be self-interested (or at least only interested in self and kin) – supported in many instances

Answer 22

fail to be

Question 23

a structure or property that developed in an ancestral stock and was useful in a descendant in a changed environment

Answer 23

pre-adaptation

Question 24

example of preadaptation: the ability to understand the knowledge or beliefs of others

Answer 24

theory of mind

Question 25

chimps probably have theory of mind and some facets of social learning (imitation) and yet they did not evolve the -- that humans have

Answer 25

cultural complexity

Question 26

T/F: bipedalism is a human pre-adaptation

Answer 26

true

Question 27

bipedalism allows for coverage of -- geographical ranges

Answer 27

expansive

Question 28

H-G daily home ranges -- that of chimps

Answer 28

2-3 times more

Question 29

bipedalism led to exposure to greater -- variability

Answer 29

environmental

Question 30

bipedalism favors -- for social learning

Answer 30

selection

Question 31

-- favors increased tool use and tool-making

Answer 31

manual dexterity

Question 32

-- would have enhanced manual dexterity

Answer 32

social learning

Question 33

pre-adaptation: -- in feeding niche

Answer 33

shift

Question 34

more reliability on -- foods

Answer 34

hard-to-acquire

Question 35

juveniles couldn't feed themselves without help and needed to be provisioned by --

Answer 35

kin

Question 36

bringing home large food packages led to -- and exchange between kin and non-kin

Answer 36

sharing

Question 37

humans are -- individuals other than the mother help to care for help to care for offspring

Answer 37

cooperative breeders

Question 38

Hrdy proposed that cooperative breeding was critical to the development of -- and emotions in humans

Answer 38

pro-social norms

Question 39

other cooperatively breeding species exhibit: provisioning of kin, social norms about who can breed when and punishment of norm violators, --, communicative intentions to reach shared goals

Answer 39

primitive teaching behaviors

Question 40

-- often supply food surpluses (at least in some places) that can be shared with kin or non-kin

Answer 40

men

Question 41

helpers in child-care and provision?

Answer 41

post-reproductive women

Question 42

shared provisioning also allows for the care and treatment of sick or injured individuals which would increase --

Answer 42

lifespan

Question 43

longer lifespans allow for a longer period of -- because you can reap the benefits later

Answer 43

juvenile dependency (learning period)

Question 44

cooperative breeding would also lead juveniles to think of others as -- not competitors

Answer 44

cooperators

Question 45

-- might explain over-imitation and the propensity to copy new ideas

Answer 45

cooperative breeding

Question 46

proposed temporal sequence: -- > dietary shift > cooperative breeding > imitative capacity and shared intentionality > cumulative cultural capacity

Answer 46

bipedalism

Question 47

traits inherited in two (or more) organisms from a common ancestor

Answer 47

homolgy

Question 48

similarity due to convergent evolution

Answer 48

analogy

Question 49

Chapais' focus is on homologies: -- that are similar in humans and other primates due to a common phylogeny

Answer 49

structures and behaviors

Question 50

father of modern anthropology

Answer 50

Levi-Strauss

Question 51

Levi-Strauss contended that the core of kinship was the marital exchange of women between groups

Answer 51

reciprocal exogamy

Question 52

reciprocal exogamy was a -- creation

Answer 52

cultural

Question 53

one way to uncover "deep structure" = comparison of human societies with that of --

Answer 53

our primate ancestors

Question 54

one way to uncover "deep structure" = comparison of -- themselves

Answer 54

hunter-gatherer societies

Question 55

chimp social structure: multi-male, multi-female groups, female dispersal / male kin groups -- between groups

Answer 55

territoriality and hostility

Question 56

add -- leads to multi-family groups, bilateral kin recognition, fatherhood, in-law relations, b/t group alliances

Answer 56

pair bonds

Question 57

remaining in one's natal group upon maturity

Answer 57

philopatry

Question 58

leaving one's natal group upon maturity

Answer 58

dispersal

Question 59

70% of human societies practice -- philopatry

Answer 59

male

Question 60

Dispersal prevents --

Answer 60

inbreeding

Question 61

Inbreeding can lead to increased -- which is associated with an increase in the risk of inheriting deleterious recessive traits

Answer 61

homozygosity

Question 62

offspring of two genetically related parents

Answer 62

inbreeding

Question 63

sexual intercourse between two individuals so closely related that their marriage is illegal or forbidden by custom

Answer 63

incest

Question 64

Freud (and Levi-Strauss) believed that all humans are predisposed to be attracted to their --

Answer 64

close relatives

Question 65

social rules such as -- are necessary to prevent inbreeding

Answer 65

incest taboos

Question 66

-- have discredited Freud's idea about attraction to close relatives

Answer 66

animal studies

Question 67

people who live in close proximity for the first years of their lives have reduced sexual attraction to one another as adults

Answer 67

Westermarck Effect

Question 68

Westermarck effect argues -- Freudian psychology

Answer 68

against

Question 69

Westermarck argues that aversions toward kin (with propinquity as proxy) are --

Answer 69

innate

Question 70

incest taboos reinforce but don't -- inbreeding avoidance

Answer 70

cause

Question 71

Westermarck effect: inbreeding avoidance is common across the -- lineage

Answer 71

primate

Question 72

male philopatry produces deep -- and shallow --

Answer 72

deep patrilines and shallow matrilines

Question 73

-- recognition is key to fostering relationships

Answer 73

kin

Question 74

-- kin are more easily recognized due to the lasting nature of the mother-child bond

Answer 74

uterine

Question 75

paternal/agnatic kin recognition is unlikely in a -- mating system

Answer 75

promiscuous

Question 76

enduring bond between a male and female

Answer 76

stable breeding bonds

Question 77

T/F: stable breeding bonds encompasses both monogamy and polygny (more inclusive that pair-bonding)

Answer 77

true

Question 78

stable breeding bonds are essential for -- recognition

Answer 78

paternal kin

Question 79

once males can recognize their children, recognizable kin groups become --

Answer 79

larger

Question 80

male kin recognition also opens the door to --

Answer 80

paternal investment

Question 81

in chimp-like societies once a female leaves a group she would lose touch with her -- even if she can recognize them

Answer 81

natal kin

Question 82

to complete the exogamy configuration we need a mechanism for maintaining -- after dispersal

Answer 82

contact

Question 83

T/F: chimps and bonobos are territorial

Answer 83

true

Question 84

chimps and bonobos avoid other groups and are -- to outsiders

Answer 84

hostile

Question 85

chimp and bonobos' intergroup fights initiated and mainly conducted by --

Answer 85

males

Question 86

kin recognition and stable breeding bonds set up the possibility of -- intergroup encounters

Answer 86

pacifist

Question 87

males should be disinclined to attack their kin, including his daughter and her offspring in another group creating --

Answer 87

kinship bridges

Question 88

recognizing -- or in-laws also promotes harmonious relations between them

Answer 88

affines

Question 89

blood relations

Answer 89

consanguinity

Question 90

for exogamy to function well, -- of females are important

Answer 90

bilateral transfers

Question 91

Similarly sized groups are also important so that the -- of female kin males have in their reciprocal groups is similar

Answer 91

proportion

Question 92

women have have a much more -- to play than Levi-Strauss or Chapais contend in their choice in marital partners, reproductive partners, residential partners

Answer 92

active role

Question 93

reciprocal exogamy creates a -- like structure where groups within the -- have relatively peaceful relations

Answer 93

tribe

Question 94

T/F: inter-tribal warfare is still possible and probably, as the benefits of reciprocal exogamy won't apply

Answer 94

true

Question 95

Chapais proposes that once males can peacefully interact with males of other groups, different -- become possible

Answer 95

residential patterns | matrilocal, bilocal

Question 96

T/F: primate phylogenies are useful for thinking about "deep structure"

Answer 96

true