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Anthro > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

T/F: Arranged marriage is common practice around the world

A

true

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2
Q

– marriage arrangement is most common

A

parental

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3
Q

– typically have more say in marriage arrangements

A

fathers

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4
Q

– are more likely to have a say in marriage

A

Grooms

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5
Q

Men allowed to ask for a woman’s hand in marriage (by parental permission) in –% of cases

A

25

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6
Q

No cases where a woman is allowed to – marriage

A

initiate

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7
Q

What mechanisms can women use to exert choice?

A

protest, divorce, pre/extra marital partners

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8
Q

Parents and Offspring have different motivations for marriage and different mate preferences

A

Wiessner

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9
Q

Parents: want qualities in their children’s spouses that benefit– overall reproductive success

A

THEIR

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10
Q

Children seek spouses with – that can increase their reproductive success

A

attractive personal qualities

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11
Q

T/F: in !Kung, territories can be inherited from either mother or father

A

true

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12
Q

!Kung, Favorable to arrange marriages with descendents of those who have married out in previous generations

A

reciprocal exogamy

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13
Q

!Kung exchange networks

A

hxaro

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14
Q

marriage is a way of initiating or – hxaro partnerships

A

strengthening

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15
Q

All Kung! marriages are arranged by parents, sometimes with negotiations starting at the time of a child’s –

A

birth

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16
Q

Kung! men are older than women at marriage on average, –

A

25 vs 17

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17
Q

T/F: Kung! brideservice is practiced

A

true

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18
Q

parental goals include: initiate/strengthen – with select families

A

ties

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19
Q

parental goals include: marry daughters out early since they –

A

require resources

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20
Q

parental goals include: arrange marriages – so that in-laws can strengthen ties

A

early

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21
Q

child goals in marriage: want to maintain childhood –

A

as long as possible

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22
Q

child goals in marriage: want to choose a spouse they feel an – toward

A

affinity

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23
Q

more than half the time, – wins and the couple stays together

A

parents

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24
Q

– of the time offspring win and marriages are dissolved within a matter of days or months

A

25-33 percent

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25
women had more -- if they could hold off marriage until they were older
choice
26
Where women have the ability to do so, -- offers women a way out of arranged or unhappy marriages
divorce
27
-- are often more likely in subsequent marriages
Love matches
28
Only -- societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample claim that divorce is rare or absent
5
29
T/F: Women have the ability to divorce in the majority of cultures
true
30
most frequent causes of divorce
adultery and sterility
31
most frequent cause of divorcing a wife
adultery
32
most frequent cause of divorcing a husband
lack of support
33
Blurton Jones: Divorce is common among many hunter- gatherers and is more likely in --
early years of marriage
34
first 5 years of marriage are --
volatile
35
Howell: among the !Kung most termination of marriages result from -- followed by death of spouse
divorce
36
Howell: among !Kung most marriages are terminated
199 of 331
37
Howell: among !Kung divorces tend to be from marriages of --duration
shorter
38
Howell: among !Kung many women get married before they are fertile and therefore consequences of these divorces on fertility are --
decreased
39
Howell: among !Kung remarriage after death or divorce is --
common
40
Howell: among !Kung common -- interval between marriages for divorces than deaths
shorter
41
Howell: among !Kung reproductive-aged have -- attracting a new spouse
no trouble
42
T/F: divorce is common among Ache
true
43
Ache: “In fact, first marriages for both men and women always ended in divorce and were usually followed by a -- of marriages,” –Hill & Hurtado 1992
rapid series
44
Ache: Women have more partners at --, and men continue to remarry at later ages
earlier ages
45
T/F: for Ache, Average number of spouses over the lifetime is about the same for men and women
true
46
in serially monogamous groups, men with -- had highest # of kids
one spouse
47
in serially monogamous groups, women with -- had highest # of kids
more than 2 spouses
48
While women’s primary marriage partner might be chosen for her, she may be able to exert choice in paternity of her children through --
extra-pair matings
49
Similarly, she may be able to exert control early on -- if she can choose a partner before a marriage is arranged
paternity
50
choice through non-marital sex is a -- strategy
risky
51
engaging in non-marital sex can lead to husband suspecting infidelity and -- in children
disinvest
52
T/F: premarital sex is more common than extramarital sex for women
true
53
Among the Himba, all marriages are formally arranged by kin with --
brideprice
54
Himba: Love matches allowed and common --
after the first marriage
55
Himba: Divorce common and can be initiated by --
husband or wife
56
T/F: Himba Infidelity is said to be allowed be either party, although there are certain norms for properly executing an affair
true
57
Himba: Children born either out-of-wedlock or through affairs are called “--.”
omoka
58
majority of omoka was from an -- marriage
arranged
59
more omoka -- reproductive success
increases
60
What are the benefits to multiple mating?
genetic and material
61
-- for a higher quality male (either through | EPCs or mate switching
trading-up
62
mate with multiple males in order to produce offspring with greater genetic diversity
bet-hedging
63
all males who have a stake in a baby help to support it
partible paternity
64
When the resources they can gain from entering into a polygynous mating group are greater than or equal to those they would gain from being in a monogamous mating pair women may -- polygyny
choose
65
In some circumstances females can benefit from mating with a male who already has a mate depends on level of resources a male has
Polygyny threshold model
66
Kipsigis marriage is arranged by --
parents
67
Kipsigis divorce is --
uncommon
68
Kipsigis male have -- control of resources
exclusive
69
Kipsigis: more important than plot size is the -- for the wife in whether a man is chosen in any given year
“breeding opportunity”
70
Kispsigis: when given the choice they often chose -- when breeding opportunity was controlled
bachelors
71
“Breeding Opporunity” during actual reproductive career may differ from what she originally chose b/c of --
additional wives
72
PTM Assumes females have accurate information on --
all mate opportunities
73
T/F: PTM Assumes no female (co-wife) cooperation
true
74
T/F: PTM assume no competition/conflict
true
75
The PTM assumes that females (or their parents) can -- their mates
choose
76
limits of PTM: Powerful men may be able to -- women (or their fathers) into a polygynous marriage even if it’s not in their best interest
coerce
77
in Arnhem land, marriage is arranged by --
parents
78
in Arnhem land, Women’s -- is distributed among men | for their own interests
labor
79
in Arnhem land, Men often resort to -- to control women
physical violence
80
in Arnhem land, polygyny is most likely the result of
coercion
81
T/F: First wives in polygynous marriages often fare better than later wives.
true
82
Arsi Oromo polygyny: First wives have greater numbers of -- than not only later wives in polygynous unions but women in monogamous unions as well
surviving children
83
T/F: Arsi Oromo polygyny: First wives in polygynous unions have children who grow as well as children of monogamous wives
true
84
Co-wife cooperation model - Sometimes men’s resources may not be as important as the resources offered by --
other women
85
Co-wife cooperation model Extra-pair copulations will be -- because women rely more on each other and less on men
higher
86
Co-wife cooperation model Jealousy between co-wives will be -- because women rely on each other and therefore have an incentive to cooperate and keep conflicts to a minimum
lower
87
where a man marries sisters
sororal polygyny
88
The more female kin a -- has in her household, the less she “needs” her co-wives
woman
89
Where women have the choice, they should only choose to enter a polygynous marriage when the benefits are -- those from marrying an unmarried man
equal to or greater than
90
T/F: Female choice is only operating in some societies, in others coercion causes women to be in marriages where they have sub-optimal RS
true

Anthro (9 decks)

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