Lecture 3

Question 1

study of the key events in an individual’s life related to fertility and mortality

Answer 1

life history

Question 2

the timing and schedule of life history events are shaped by –

Answer 2

natural selection

Question 3

life history events are are influenced by – and cultural norms

Answer 3

socio-ecological conditions

Question 4

for any given individual, available resources in any particular environment are finite

Answer 4

principle of allocation

Question 5

time, effort, and – used for one purpose diminishes the time, effort, and – available for another

Answer 5

energy

Question 6

generally, natural selection should result in – allocation patterns which then result in the life history of an organism

Answer 6

optimal

Question 7

principle of allocation results in trade-offs between the goals of growth, maintenance, and –

Answer 7

reproduction

Question 8

allocating energy to future reproduction has opportunity costs to –

Answer 8

fertility

Question 9

current reproduction has cost to later reproduction due to –

Answer 9

lost growth/maintenance

Question 10

beginning reproduction early has cost to –

Answer 10

personal growth

Question 11

a later age at first birth means the mother may be in better condition, but her reproductive lifespan is then –

Answer 11

shorter

Question 12

less stressor lead to – age of first pregnancy

Answer 12

later

Question 13

as an organism ages, he or she should start to shift energy toward current reproduction (greater risk of death means you should reproduce now and not wait)

Answer 13

terminal investment hypothesis

Question 14

twinning rates – with maternal age

Answer 14

increase

Question 15

breastfeeding rates – among older women

Answer 15

higher

Question 16

discounted number of future children expected to be born to a woman of a certain age

Answer 16

reproductive value

Question 17

reproductive value – from maturity onward

Answer 17

decreases

Question 18

if bigger risk are controllable (malnutrition) –>

Answer 18

quality strategy

Question 19

if bigger risk are random (snake bites) –>

Answer 19

quantity strategy

Question 20

where diseases are present, the best buffer is to have – kids

Answer 20

more (quantity strategy)

Question 21

r-selected: – growth and early maturation

Answer 21

fast

Question 22

r-selected: produce – offspring

Answer 22

many

Question 23

r-selected: – parental investment per offspring

Answer 23

low

Question 24

r-selected: – lifespans

Answer 24

shorter

Question 25

r-selected: suited to life in -- environments

Answer 25

unstable

Question 26

r-selected: -- strategy

Answer 26

quantity

Question 27

K-selected: mature -- and have longer growth period

Answer 27

slowly

Question 28

K-selected: -- offspring

Answer 28

few

Question 29

K-selected: -- investment per offspring

Answer 29

high

Question 30

K-selected: -- mortality rates and longer lifespans

Answer 30

low

Question 31

K-selected: suited to -- environments

Answer 31

stable

Question 32

K-selected: -- strategy

Answer 32

quality

Question 33

mice are an example of -- selected organisms

Answer 33

r

Question 34

whales and humans are examples of -- selected organisms

Answer 34

K

Question 35

r-selected age at first reproduction

Answer 35

young

Question 36

K-selected age at first reproduction

Answer 36

old

Question 37

r-selected total life span

Answer 37

short

Question 38

K-selected total life span

Answer 38

long

Question 39

r-selected mode and frequency of reproduction

Answer 39

fast

Question 40

K-selected selected mode and frequency of reproduction

Answer 40

slow

Question 41

r-selected fertility

Answer 41

high

Question 42

K-selected fertility

Answer 42

low

Question 43

r-selected parental care

Answer 43

low

Question 44

K-selected parental care

Answer 44

high

Question 45

higher life expectancy = -- fertility rate

Answer 45

lower

Question 46

clutch size was proposed by --

Answer 46

David Lack

Question 47

clutch size: trade-off between number of offspring produced and number --

Answer 47

likely to survive

Question 48

larger clutch size, the -- probability any one egg from the clutch will survive

Answer 48

lower

Question 49

optimum clutch size is about

Answer 49

5

Question 50

trade-off: invest your energy in finding your next mate or in the --

Answer 50

offspring you already have

Question 51

T/F: mating-parenting trade-offs often differ for males and females

Answer 51

true

Question 52

greater levels of -- investment for females in many species (gestation and lactation)

Answer 52

obligate

Question 53

-- makes parenting effort more risky for males

Answer 53

paternity uncertainty

Question 54

-- of labor in different places makes paternal effort more or less crucial

Answer 54

division

Question 55

humans have several aspects of their life history that make them -- very different from other primates

Answer 55

look

Question 56

T/F: we share some common primate life history features such as slow life histories

Answer 56

true

Question 57

primate life histories: -- young

Answer 57

altricial

Question 58

primate life histories: intensive -- care: strong bonds, singleton births

Answer 58

maternal

Question 59

primate life histories: -- growth and late maturation

Answer 59

slow

Question 60

primate life histories: -- lifespans

Answer 60

long

Question 61

primate life histories: high infant mortality, -- mortality during juvenile stage, increasing during mid- to late-life

Answer 61

low

Question 62

humans' derived features: maximum potential lifespan is --

Answer 62

increased

Question 63

humans' derived features: -- age at first reproduction

Answer 63

later

Question 64

humans' derived features: -- maternal body size

Answer 64

larger

Question 65

humans' derived features: later gestation allowing for more -- in babies

Answer 65

fat stores

Question 66

humans' derived features: -- weaning

Answer 66

early

Question 67

humans' derived features: -- interbirth intervals

Answer 67

short

Question 68

humans' derived features: -- post-reproductive lifespan

Answer 68

long

Question 69

Increased altriciality has spurred a debate over whether this is due to a need for additional -- brain growth

Answer 69

postnatal

Question 70

humans have faster weaning but longer period of --

Answer 70

dependence

Question 71

one effect faster reproductive rate is -- of births

Answer 71

stacking

Question 72

T/F: there is no perfect model for which humans are the best models of the human life history

Answer 72

true

Question 73

trade-offs vary between men and women, between individuals and -- individuals

Answer 73

within

Question 74

genetic, social, and physiological differences mean there is no one optimal strategy that will apply to everyone, even within the --

Answer 74

same environment

Question 75

T/F: life span differences matter: what is optimal at adolescence may be sub-optimal 10 years later

Answer 75

true

Question 76

human life history is clearly -- selected when put into a cross-species comparison

Answer 76

K

Question 77

but there is plasticity in many of our life history traits, and these are often found to vary according to specific environmental pressures that make some groups of people look more "-- selected" than others

Answer 77

r

Question 78

age at menarche has -- over time

Answer 78

declined

Question 79

LHT helps us to think about the optimal -- of allocation across growth, maintenance, and reproduction

Answer 79

balance

Question 80

T/F: LHT helps to explain the variation that we see across societies

Answer 80

true

Question 81

LHT is useful in highlighting some potentially -- behaviors such as we see in the demographic transition (more resources associated with lower fertility)

Answer 81

maladaptive

Question 82

suite of characteristics seen in human females: -- ovulation

Answer 82

concealed

Question 83

suite of characteristics seen in human females: -- sexually receptive

Answer 83

continually

Question 84

suite of characteristics seen in human females: -- menstruation

Answer 84

showy

Question 85

period of heightened interest in copulation in female mammals (associated with visible and olfactory signals)

Answer 85

estrus

Question 86

discharge of the inner lining of the uterus

Answer 86

menstruation

Question 87

production and release of the ova by the ovary

Answer 87

ovulation

Question 88

all mammals go through an ovarian cycle but not all -- or show signs of estrus

Answer 88

menstruate

Question 89

conspicuous ovulation such as -- can incite competition between males

Answer 89

sexual swellings

Question 90

conspicuous ovulation can lead females to mate with lots of males which can -- aggression toward their offspring

Answer 90

reduce

Question 91

concealed ovulation makes sexual activity less --

Answer 91

efficient

Question 92

concealed ovulation occurs in -- species of primates other than humans

Answer 92

32

Question 93

theories of concealed ovulation: can receive food throughout the cycle, as opposed to only at ovulation

Answer 93

sex for food hypothesis

Question 94

theories of concealed ovulation: can more easily conceal EPCs, increasing female choice

Answer 94

Cuckoldry hypothesis

Question 95

theories of concealed ovulation: for males to be certain about paternity, they have to stay close to home throughout the cycle, which may lead to increased care and provisioning

Answer 95

daddy at home hypothesis

Question 96

women who felt low desirability towards their partners felt more distant from them and accentuated their fault on --days

Answer 96

high fertility days

Question 97

desirability towards their partners felt more distant from them and accentuated their fault on high fertility days

Answer 97

dual mating hypothesis

Question 98

T/F: women adjust their clothing choices depending on their fertility

Answer 98

true

Question 99

adaptive theories about menstruation: menstruation function to remove -- introduced into the female reproductive tract during sex

Answer 99

bacteria

Question 100

adaptive theories about menstruation: sperm are vectors of --

Answer 100

disease

Question 101

adaptive theories about menstruation: Profet claims that menstruation (overt and covert) is nearly -- among mammals

Answer 101

universal

Question 102

problems with Profet's adaptive theories about menstruation: only species which shed a significant amount of blood are --, apes, and women

Answer 102

old world monkeys

Question 103

adaptive theories about menstruation: menstrual blood itself is an ideal host for --

Answer 103

bacteria

Question 104

adaptive theories about menstruation: no correlation between -- and menstruation

Answer 104

promiscuity

Question 105

Strassman's adaptive theories of menstruation: shedding of endometrial lining as opposed to absorbing it saves --

Answer 105

energy

Question 106

some argue that menstruation may not be adaptive at all and is merely a --

Answer 106

byproduct

Question 107

human females are one of only a few species who continue to live for an extended period once they are no longer --

Answer 107

reproductive