Lecture 4

Question 1

parental investment is any investment by the in their offspring that increases the offspring’s chance of surviving at the – of the parent’s ability to invest in other offspring

Answer 1

cost

Question 2

T/F: the amount of obligatory parental investment often differs for males and females

Answer 2

true

Question 3

in humans, females have greater obligatory parental investment: pregnancy and – which is now longer no longer obligatory

Answer 3

lactation

Question 4

Trivers: the sex with higher parental investment is – about who they mate with

Answer 4

choosier

Question 5

the sex you invests less will be more – for access to the higher investing sex

Answer 5

competitive

Question 6

the number of offspring an individual produces, who themselves are capable of producing offspring

Answer 6

reproductive success

Question 7

reproductive success counts the # of children who survived to at least age –

Answer 7

5

Question 8

reproductive success is best measure by the # of –

Answer 8

grandkids

Question 9

females have – variance in how many kids they have

Answer 9

less

Question 10

males have – variance in how many kids they have

Answer 10

more

Question 11

female reproduction is limited by their – not by the finding of a partner

Answer 11

biology

Question 12

T/F: males are limited by the # of partners they find

Answer 12

true

Question 13

differences in reproductive – affect mating-parenting trade-offs

Answer 13

variance

Question 14

– benefit greatly from putting more effort into mating

Answer 14

males

Question 15

What makes human parenting unique? it lasts a long time and is –

Answer 15

multi-faceted

Question 16

time to adulthood is – as long in humans as it is in chimps

Answer 16

twice

Question 17

most of the difference between human and chimp lifespans is a lengthening of the – in humans

Answer 17

juvenile period (post-weaning)

Question 18

T/F: delaying reproduction allows more time for brain growth and time to learn

Answer 18

true

Question 19

for females (and maybe males), parental investment begins –

Answer 19

before birth

Question 20

ways to adjust the quantity-quality trade-off

1. total # of offspring
2. – between births

Answer 20

space

Question 21

carrying multiple children or – is costly

Answer 21

stacking

Question 22

short IBI –> – child mortality –> fewer offspring

Answer 22

higher

Question 23

Blurton Jones predicted that first IBI should be – and won’t negatively affect mortality

Answer 23

shorter

Question 24

Blurton Jones predicted IBIs should – with subsequent births and shorter IBIs should be associated with increased mortality

Answer 24

lengthened

Question 25

Blurton Jones predicted IBIs will be shorter among -- women

Answer 25

cattle-herding

Question 26

birth intervals should reflect -- circumstance

Answer 26

local

Question 27

!Kung women carry -- loads and forage long distances

Answer 27

heavy

Question 28

Hadza women have -- distances to travel and more foods that children can gather --> shorter IBIs and higher fertility

Answer 28

shorter

Question 29

Harpending: Hadza fertility is higher because they suffer from less --

Answer 29

secondary sterility

Question 30

Blurton Jones: should look at - - at last birth to describe IBIs

Answer 30

age

Question 31

Blurton Jones: cattlepost have short IBI but an -- age at last birth (probably due to secondary sterility)

Answer 31

early

Question 32

Blurton Jones: foragers: long IBIs, -- age at last birth (probably due to longer spaces between birth)

Answer 32

long

Question 33

rival: good that can be consumed by -- at a time

Answer 33

only one user

Question 34

food, school costs, cattle, and land are -- goods

Answer 34

rival

Question 35

non-rival good that can be consumed by one person without -- amount left for others

Answer 35

reducing

Question 36

some form of teaching (reading stories) and genetics (height) are -- goods

Answer 36

non-rival

Question 37

despite attachment and bonding, the relationship between mother and offspring is fraught with --

Answer 37

conflict

Question 38

conflict between mother and offspring begins -- and can last as long as the child needs the mother

Answer 38

in the womb

Question 39

infants wants to -- the flow of nutrients from mother to fetus

Answer 39

increase

Question 40

mother wants to -- the flow of nutrients to the fetus

Answer 40

limit

Question 41

conflict in the womb results in -- over maternal resources

Answer 41

tug-of-war

Question 42

T/F: weaning is more costly than pregnancy

Answer 42

true

Question 43

lactation is a -- energy activity

Answer 43

high

Question 44

weaning -- fertility

Answer 44

inhibits

Question 45

T/F: mother and infant have different ideal weaning times

Answer 45

true

Question 46

Sheper-Hughes and selective investment: mothers -- distanced themselves from babies who weren't thriving

Answer 46

consciously

Question 47

parents should invest more in the sex that provides the greatest reproductive payoff with increasing investment

Answer 47

Trivers-Willard Effect

Question 48

males have greater reproductive -- than females

Answer 48

variance

Question 49

mothers in good condition should favor -- because daughters reproduction is more stable and resources can lead to better opportunity for --

Answer 49

sons

Question 50

mothers in poor condition should favor -- because the resources to help sons are absent and -- have less variance in reproductive success

Answer 50

daughters

Question 51

big and tall parents have more --

Answer 51

sons

Question 52

thinner Italian mothers had -- more daughters than heavier women

Answer 52

3%

Question 53

Ethiopian mothers with more fat/muscle mass were more than twice as likely to give birth to --

Answer 53

sons

Question 54

mothers who smoke are more likely to give birth to --

Answer 54

daughters

Question 55

T/F: daughters breastfeed longer than sons

Answer 55

true