Lecture 4 Flashcards

(55 cards)

1
Q

parental investment is any investment by the in their offspring that increases the offspring’s chance of surviving at the – of the parent’s ability to invest in other offspring

A

cost

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2
Q

T/F: the amount of obligatory parental investment often differs for males and females

A

true

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3
Q

in humans, females have greater obligatory parental investment: pregnancy and – which is now longer no longer obligatory

A

lactation

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4
Q

Trivers: the sex with higher parental investment is – about who they mate with

A

choosier

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5
Q

the sex you invests less will be more – for access to the higher investing sex

A

competitive

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6
Q

the number of offspring an individual produces, who themselves are capable of producing offspring

A

reproductive success

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7
Q

reproductive success counts the # of children who survived to at least age –

A

5

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8
Q

reproductive success is best measure by the # of –

A

grandkids

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9
Q

females have – variance in how many kids they have

A

less

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10
Q

males have – variance in how many kids they have

A

more

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11
Q

female reproduction is limited by their – not by the finding of a partner

A

biology

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12
Q

T/F: males are limited by the # of partners they find

A

true

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13
Q

differences in reproductive – affect mating-parenting trade-offs

A

variance

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14
Q

– benefit greatly from putting more effort into mating

A

males

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15
Q

What makes human parenting unique? it lasts a long time and is –

A

multi-faceted

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16
Q

time to adulthood is – as long in humans as it is in chimps

A

twice

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17
Q

most of the difference between human and chimp lifespans is a lengthening of the – in humans

A

juvenile period (post-weaning)

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18
Q

T/F: delaying reproduction allows more time for brain growth and time to learn

A

true

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19
Q

for females (and maybe males), parental investment begins –

A

before birth

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20
Q

ways to adjust the quantity-quality trade-off

  1. total # of offspring
  2. – between births
A

space

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21
Q

carrying multiple children or – is costly

A

stacking

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22
Q

short IBI –> – child mortality –> fewer offspring

A

higher

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23
Q

Blurton Jones predicted that first IBI should be – and won’t negatively affect mortality

24
Q

Blurton Jones predicted IBIs should – with subsequent births and shorter IBIs should be associated with increased mortality

25
Blurton Jones predicted IBIs will be shorter among -- women
cattle-herding
26
birth intervals should reflect -- circumstance
local
27
!Kung women carry -- loads and forage long distances
heavy
28
Hadza women have -- distances to travel and more foods that children can gather --> shorter IBIs and higher fertility
shorter
29
Harpending: Hadza fertility is higher because they suffer from less --
secondary sterility
30
Blurton Jones: should look at - - at last birth to describe IBIs
age
31
Blurton Jones: cattlepost have short IBI but an -- age at last birth (probably due to secondary sterility)
early
32
Blurton Jones: foragers: long IBIs, -- age at last birth (probably due to longer spaces between birth)
long
33
rival: good that can be consumed by -- at a time
only one user
34
food, school costs, cattle, and land are -- goods
rival
35
non-rival good that can be consumed by one person without -- amount left for others
reducing
36
some form of teaching (reading stories) and genetics (height) are -- goods
non-rival
37
despite attachment and bonding, the relationship between mother and offspring is fraught with --
conflict
38
conflict between mother and offspring begins -- and can last as long as the child needs the mother
in the womb
39
infants wants to -- the flow of nutrients from mother to fetus
increase
40
mother wants to -- the flow of nutrients to the fetus
limit
41
conflict in the womb results in -- over maternal resources
tug-of-war
42
T/F: weaning is more costly than pregnancy
true
43
lactation is a -- energy activity
high
44
weaning -- fertility
inhibits
45
T/F: mother and infant have different ideal weaning times
true
46
Sheper-Hughes and selective investment: mothers -- distanced themselves from babies who weren't thriving
consciously
47
parents should invest more in the sex that provides the greatest reproductive payoff with increasing investment
Trivers-Willard Effect
48
males have greater reproductive -- than females
variance
49
mothers in good condition should favor -- because daughters reproduction is more stable and resources can lead to better opportunity for --
sons
50
mothers in poor condition should favor -- because the resources to help sons are absent and -- have less variance in reproductive success
daughters
51
big and tall parents have more --
sons
52
thinner Italian mothers had -- more daughters than heavier women
3%
53
Ethiopian mothers with more fat/muscle mass were more than twice as likely to give birth to --
sons
54
mothers who smoke are more likely to give birth to --
daughters
55
T/F: daughters breastfeed longer than sons
true