lecture 10 Flashcards

Question

Hyposmia

Answer 1

* Reduced ability to smell * Affects half people over 65 and 75% of people over 80 * Can be due to neurological changes

Answer 2

1. Photoreceptors 2. Bipolar cell layer 3. Ganglion cell layer

Answer 3

Cones and rods

Answer 4

Start the process of converting light to nerve impulses

Answer 5

* stimulated in bright light * colour vision * high acuity * concentrated in the center of retina

Answer 6

* allow us to see in dim light * no colour (black/white/grey) * low acuity * concentrated in the periphery

Answer 7

* Also has horizontal + amacrine cells (they form lateral connections, involved in modifying signals)

Answer 8

their axons extend posteriorly to optic disc and exit the eye as the optic n

Answer 9

ganglion cells bunched together

Answer 10

1. rods + cones (then to bipolar cells – then to ganglion cells) 2. Optic nerve 3. Through the optic foramen/canal 4. Optic chiasm 5. Optic tract 6. Lateral geniculate nucleus 7.Superior colliculi OR 7.Primary visual area

Answer 11

* blindness due to a defect or loss of 1 or 2 eyes * from fractures in orbit, brain lesions, damage along the pathway, disease of the nervous system, pituitary gland tumours, cerebral aneurysm

Answer 12

extend from the bony orbit to the sclera`

Answer 13

Elevates, adducts, and medially rotates eyeball "upwards movements"

Answer 14

Depresses, adducts, and laterally rotates eyeball "downward movement"

Answer 15

Abducts eyeball "outward movement"

Answer 16

Adducts eyeball "Inward movement"

Answer 17

* Abducts, depresses, and medially rotates eyeball * "Downward and outward movement"

Answer 18

* Abducts, elevates, and laterally rotates eyeball * "Upward and outward movement"

Answer 19

Superior branch: 1. Superior Rectus 2. Levator palpebrae superioris Inferior branch: 1. medial rectus 2. inferior rectus 3. inferior oblique

Answer 20

Inferior branch: 1. Cicilary ganglion * Cicilary mm * Circular mm of iris

Answer 21

When the eye is focusing on a close object, the lens becomes more spherical, causing greater refraction of light rays.

Answer 22

Adjusts the lens for near vision "accomodation"

Answer 23

Constriction: Circular mm Dilation: Radial mm

Answer 24

Pupil constriction

Answer 25

* Thinnest cranial nerve * Only one arising from posterior brainstem

Answer 26

Superior oblique mm

Answer 27

Lateral rectus mm

Answer 28

a condition in which both eyes do not fix on the same object, since one or both eyes may turn inward or outward

Answer 29

drooping of upper eyelid

Answer 30

* Strabismus * ptosis * Dilation of pupil * Movement of eyeball downward/outward * Loss of accomodation for near vision * Diploplia

Answer 31

* strabismus * diplopia

Answer 32

* Affected eye can’t move laterally beyond midpoint and eyeball is usually directed medially * This leads to strabismus and diplopia

Answer 33

* Largest diameter cranial nerve

Answer 34

Sensory from skin over upper lid, cornea, lacrimal glands, upper nasal cavity, side of nose, forehead, anterior half of scalp Superior Orbital Fissure

Answer 35

* Sensory from mucosa of nose, palate, part of pharynx, upper teeth, upper lip, lower eyelid * Foramen Rotundem

Answer 36

* Sensory from anterior 2/3 of tongue (not taste), cheek + its mucosa, lower teeth, skin over mandible + side of head ant to ear, mucosa of floor of mouth * Foramen Ovale

Answer 37

* in mandibular branch * supply muscles of mastication * these motor neurons mainly control chewing

Answer 38

* -what do we know about neuralgias? * -sharp cutting, intense pain that lasts for a few seconds to a minute * -pain is within the nerve’s distribution

Answer 39

* local compression * idiopathic, herpes zoster, vascular lesions, tumours, demyelinating conditions with subsequent scarring (MS)

Answer 40

* -sudden painful attacks * -pain often occurs in clusters -unilateral * -along one or more distributions of the nerve * -any mechanical stimulation, chewing, smiling, a breeze felt on the cheek can trigger an attack * -patients avoid stimulating the trigger zone * -trigger zone may be lips, face, tongue (touch, temp, facial mvt)

Answer 41

1. taste buds of anterior 2/3 of tongue 2. stylomastoid foramen 3. geniculate ganglion 4. pons 5. thalamus 6. gustatory area of cerebral cortex -also sensory axons from skin in ear canal (touch, pain, temp)

Answer 42

1. nucleus in pons 2. stylomastoid foramen 3. facial expression muscles, stylohyoid mm, posterior digastric mm, stapedius mm

Answer 43

1. pterygopalatine ganglion 2. submandibular ganglion

Answer 44

lacrimal glands - Tears nasal gland - Mucus palatine gland - Saliva

Answer 45

submandibular glands sublingual glands

Answer 46

-is a condition involving the facial nerve -results in paralysis of the muscles of facial expression on the same side as the lesion -is one of the most common neurological conditions -it affects at least 25 people out of 100,000 each year

Answer 47

-unilateral weakness followed by flaccid paralysis of muscles of facial expression -onset of symptoms from weakness to flaccid paralysis is quite rapid -if sensory + autonomic affected can’t control lacrimation, usually decrease in salivation, can’t taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue, heightened sensitivity of hearing symptoms -sagging of face and eyelid with possible pulling toward unaffected side

Answer 48

-nerve damage from: * -viral infection (shingles) * -bacterial infection (lyme’s dx) -compression from edema with: * pregnancy * -middle ear infection * -diabetes * -hypertension * -hypothyroidism * -leprosy -conditions involving the parotid gland * -trauma * -exposure to chill or draft

Answer 49

-if only segmental demyelination (as with compression), recovery is usually in 2-8 weeks -if Wallerian degeneration = poorer prognosis

Answer 50

- treat the cause, if known - often no treatment because there is spontaneous recovery in 70% of cases - protect the eye with eye patch and antibiotic drops

Answer 51

* people often fear paralysis of one side of face is from stroke (UMN) but stroke generally affects the lower muscles of face (not frontalis or muscles around eye) * so during a stroke, patient can close eye and wrinkle forehead but can’t smile

Answer 52

Type: sensory Function: hearing and equilibrium 2 branches 1. Vestibular 2. Cochlear

Answer 53

carries impulses for equilibrium 1. Semicircular canals, the saccule + utricle of inner ear 2. Vestibular ganglion 3. Vestibular nuclei in pons + medulla

Answer 54

* carries impulses for hearing PATHWAY: 1. Spiral organ (organ of Corti) in cochlea of internal ear 2. Spiral ganglion 3. Internal acoustic meatus 4. Cochlear nuclei in medulla 5. Thalamus 6. Primary Auditory Area

Answer 55

* Vertigo * Ataxia * Nystagmus * Tinnitus * Deafness * trauma, lesions, middle ear infections

Answer 56

a subjective feeling that one’s own body or the environment is rotating

Answer 57

muscular incoordination

Answer 58

involuntary rapid movement of the eyeball

Answer 59

1. Taste buds on posterior 1/3 of tongue 2. Proprioceptors from some swallowing muscles 3. Baroreceptors in carotid sinus that monitor BP 4. Chemoreceptors in carotid sinus 5. External ear to convey touch, pain, heat and cold

Answer 60

stylopharyngeus muscle

Answer 61

parotid gland - Saliva production

Answer 62

* Dysphagia * Aptyalia - Reduced saliva creation * Loss of sensation in throat * Ageusia - Loss of taste

Answer 63

-recurrent attacks of severe pain in the CN IX nerve distribution (posterior pharynx, tonsils, back of tongue, middle ear) -from nerve compression -rare, more common in men, usually after 40 -(like in trigeminal neuralgia) get paroxysmal attacks of unilateral brief, excruciating pain -occurs spontaneously or are precipitated by certain movements (eg, chewing, swallowing, talking, sneezing) -pain lasts seconds to a few minutes, usually begins in tonsil area or at base of tongue and may radiate to ipsilateral ear -is distinguished from trigeminal neuralgia by location of pain -also, in glossopharyngeal neuralgia, swallowing or touching the tonsils with an applicator triggers pain

Answer 64

1. Skin of external ear for touch, pain, heat and cold 2. Taste buds in epiglottis and pharynx 3. Proprioceptors in mm of neck and throat 4. Baroreceptors & chemoreceptors in carotid sinus & aortic bodies 5. Most sensory axons come from visceral sensory receptors in most organs of thoracic & abdominal cavities that convey sensations (ie hunger, fullness, discomfort)

Answer 65

Muscles of the pharynx, larynx & soft palate (swallowing, vocalization, coughing)

Answer 66

* smooth muscle of lungs * cardiac muscle * glands of GI tract * smooth mm of respiratory passageways * esophagus * stomach * gallbladder * small intestine * most of large intestine

Answer 67

* Vagal paralysis – interruptions of sensations from many organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities * Dysphagia - difficult swallowing * Tachycardia - increased heart rate

Answer 68

* Motor axons from anterior grey horn c1-c5 * Ascend through foramen magnum * Exit through jugular foramen * SCM and trapezius

Answer 69

SCM & trapezius

Answer 70

muscles of tongue

Answer 71

* difficulty chewing * dysarthria - difficult speaking * dysphagia - difficult swallowing *

Answer 72

-begins in 3rd week of gestation -starts with a thickening of the ectoderm called the neural plate -neural plate folds inward and forms a longitudinal groove, called the neural groove -raised edges of the neural plate are called the neural folds -as the whole thing grows and forms a tube, now called the neural tube

Answer 73

* **outer/marginal layer cells** = white matter of nervous system * **middle/mantle layer cells** = gray matter * **inner/ependymal layer cells** = lining of central canal (spinal cord) and ventricles of brain

Answer 74

* mass of tissue between the neural tube + skin ectoderm becomes: * posterior (dorsal) root ganglia of spinal nerves * spinal nerves * ganglia of cranial nerves * cranial nerves * ganglia of autonomic nervous system * adrenal medulla * meninges