Lecture# 14 Flashcards
(28 cards)
when does stress arise
Stress arises when a person is challenged in their emotional or physical well-being to an extent that exceeds their ability to cope
what is activated during stress
Activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
what is the HPA comprised of
HPA axis is composed of three major structures: the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and the adrenal gland.
what is activationed of HPA characterized by
steroids triggered by the release of adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) from the pituitary.
where is ACTH released from
pituitary
what is ACTH release controlled by
ACTH release is controlled by the release of hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)
what 3 things does CRF regulate
CRF regulates the HPA axis & mediates hormonal, autonomic and behavioral responses to stressors.
where does CRF go to
pituitary gland
describe the HPA and what goes where
CRF is released from the PVN into the pituitary gland (PIT), which releases ACTH into the bloodstream, & travels to the adrenal gland. The adrenal gland then releases cortisol, which travels in the bloodstream to various organs and tissue sites in the body, including the brain
what happens to memory under highly stressful events
. But under highly emotional and stressful arousal the memory is impaired.
what part of the brain related to emotion can be activated during stress ful events
. When the stress is induced, the amygdala is activated and cortisol is released.
t/f Exposure to multiple episodes of early life stress can significantly increase the risk of mental illness
TRUE
T/f Adults with more than six adverse childhood events had a higher likelihood of dying 20 years earlier than those without such histories
TRUE
Which is wose early life or later life stress
In general, earlier age of exposure to a traumatic experience is associated with worse outcomes
what structure shrinks due to early life stress
early life stress in the form of maternal separation is associated with reduced corpus callosum in non-human primates.
what kind of exposure is associated with reduced mylenation of the corpus collosum and mylenation
Prenatal gluccocorticoid exposure has been associated with reduced myelination of the corpus callosum and reduced myelination sheath thickness
what is affect in PTSD patients
PTSD is characterized by an abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axi
is the HPA axis over or under active in PTSD
over
name 2 reasons how the hippocampus is affected
excessive release of glutocorticoids , corticotrophin releasing hormone , inhibtion of neurogenesis
does the hippcampus shrink bc of early life stress
yes
what are the 4 structures that are in the reward mechanism
Key structures of the reward mechanism are: nucleus accumbens,
dorsal striatum,
amygdala
OFC
the mesolimbic DA is associated with what
wanting
where do DA cells in the nucleus accumbens project to
the the VTA of the nucleus accumbens
what structure is the development of the executive functioning associated with
The development of executive functions coincides with maturation of the frontal cortex occurring between birth and 2 years, 7-9 years, during adolescence, and continue into the decade of life
