Lecture 2

Question 1

where is the organizer regionn

Answer 1

on top of the mesoderm

Question 2

what does the organizer region become

Answer 2

it becomes the neural plate

Question 3

what are 3 neural inducers

Answer 3

noggin, chordin, follistatin

Question 4

are neural inducers mostly involved in the anterior or posterior sections

Answer 4

anterior

Question 5

are neural inducers sufficient or necessary

Answer 5

they are necessary

Question 6

when noggin and chordin or follistatin taken away what occurs

Answer 6

head does not form properly

Question 7

what is the name for chordin in fruitflies

Answer 7

sog

Question 8

what role does BMP play in neural induction

Answer 8

it supresses neural and promotes epidermal

Question 9

BMP is called a ___ because it supresses neural and promotes epidermal

Answer 9

mediator

Question 10

BMP promotes :

Noggin , choridin, follostatin promote:

Answer 10

epidermal , brain&spinal cord

Question 11

is the default model to make epidermal or neural

Answer 11

epidermis, but neural inducers get in the way

Question 12

when BMP is found is smad activated , what occurs

Answer 12

yes, smad is activated as a result epidermis produced because neural genes are supressed

Question 13

when Neural inducers are found is smad activated and what occurs?

Answer 13

no smad is not activated as a result neural tisssue is generated because neural tissue is not surpressed

Question 14

t/f BMP makes epidermis by blocking neural inducers

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

can all cells make neurons

Answer 15

no

Question 16

what kind of cells can become neurons

Answer 16

neuroblasts

Question 17

where are neuroblasts found

Answer 17

in proneural clusters

Question 18

does every cell in the proneural region become a neuroblast

Answer 18

no

Question 19

how does a cell from a proneural cluster become a neuron

Answer 19

it leaves the cluster enters the embryo and divides to make ganglion mother cells

Question 20

what is the name of the genes that promote neuroblast fate

Answer 20

proneural genes

Question 21

what kind of gene is a proneural gene

Answer 21

an asc gene

Question 22

expression of asc gene is associated with what ?

Answer 22

neuroblasts

Question 23

what is the difference between neuroblasts and neurons

Answer 23

neurons can not undergo mitosis , neuroblasts can

Question 24

in general does adult neurogenesis occur

Answer 24

no

Question 25

what is the name of cellular communication

Answer 25

delta and notch

Question 26

t/f cells communicate via lateral inhibition

Answer 26

true

Question 27

t/f delta and notch is an example of lateral inhibition

Answer 27

true

Question 28

besides cellular communication give an example of what delta and notch is important for

Answer 28

making boundaries

Question 29

what gene promotes delta and notch

Answer 29

asc gene

Question 30

does asc gene promote delta or notch expression

Answer 30

delta

Question 31

when there is more ask gene is there more or less delta and what occurs

Answer 31

more delta and promotes neuroblast fate

Question 32

t/f more asc genes means neuroblast

Answer 32

true

Question 33

what does BMP stand for

Answer 33

Bone Morphogenetic Protein

Question 34

t/f BMP signaling was found to promote the differentiation of ectoderm into the epidermis

Answer 34

true

Question 35

what is delamination

Answer 35

it describes the process in which one cell in each proneural cluster leaves and moves inside of the embryo

Question 36

if asc genes are knocked out are neurons created

Answer 36

no

Question 37

is asc gene is over expressed what occurs

Answer 37

ectopic neurons and sense organs

Question 38

what is a neuroblast

Answer 38

a dividing cell that will develop into a neuron often afer migration phase

Question 39

are asc genes dispersed evenly through all cells during development

Answer 39

no , at first more it is more evenly dispersed but as time progresses only one cell in each cluster expresses them

Question 40

define : proliferation

Answer 40

multiplication of cells

Question 41

define : differentiation

Answer 41

common cells start to make new cells

Question 42

define : migration

Answer 42

cells migrate up and out to the cns

Question 43

define : synaptic pruning

Answer 43

cell death due to over production

Question 44

define notocord

Answer 44

the centroid marker for embryo and induces development of neural plate

Question 45

neural plate

Answer 45

future CNS

Question 46

Neural crest

Answer 46

future PNS

Question 47

What are the 3 primary layers of the embryo

Answer 47

ectoderm, mesoderm , endoderm

Question 48

name the layer : becomes lining of the viscera

Answer 48

endoderm

Question 49

name the layer : becomes muscles skeleton and notocord

Answer 49

mesoderm

Question 50

name the layer : becomes the CNS/PNS and skin

Answer 50

ectoderm

Question 51

are neural inducers involved in the anterior or posterior regions

Answer 51

anterior

Question 52

where are neural inducers induced from

Answer 52

the spemann organizer

Question 53

what does most of the neural tube become

Answer 53

the spinal cord

Question 54

t/f the caudal region of the neural tube becomes the 3 vesicle stage

Answer 54

false, the rostral region does

Question 55

what does the rostral region of the neural tube become

Answer 55

the brain

Question 56

what does the caudal region of the spinal cord become

Answer 56

the spinal cord

Question 57

what are the 3 vescicles of the stage called

Answer 57

forebrain midbrain hindbrain

Question 58

what is another name for the forebrain

Answer 58

prosencephalon

Question 59

what is another name for the midbrain

Answer 59

the mesencephalon

Question 60

what is another name for the hindbrain

Answer 60

the Rhombencephalon

Question 61

in regards to development what does patten refer to

Answer 61

the arrangmement of the regions of the body of an organism

Question 62

in a mature spinal cord what is the function of dorsal neurons

Answer 62

receive info

Question 63

in a mature spinal cord what is the function of ventral neurons

Answer 63

they send output

Question 64

what modulates the posterior sections : activators or transformers

Answer 64

transformers

Question 65

list 3 transformers

Answer 65

WNT, Retinoic acid and FGF

Question 66

t/f WNT is involved in a lot of things

Answer 66

true

Question 67

t/f WNT is expressed in gradient

Answer 67

true

Question 68

what is dkk

Answer 68

a natural WNT inhibitor

Question 69

do WNT inhibitor and neural inducer cooperate in the head

Answer 69

yes they make sure that the head is the proper size

Question 70

what is FGF

Answer 70

a neural inducer

Question 71

if there is more FGF what does that mean

Answer 71

there is more posterior gene expression

Question 72

what is HOX gene

Answer 72

a posteriorizing agent

Question 73

what does the HOX gene play a big role in

Answer 73

making the body

Question 74

the hox gene is expressed in segments called

Answer 74

rhombomeres

Question 75

what kind of neurons do hox genes give rise to

Answer 75

motor genes

Question 76

do hox genes play a role in posterior or anterior sections

Answer 76

posterior sections

Question 77

how many hox clusters do we have

Answer 77

4

Question 78

if hox1 was not working what would occur

Answer 78

you would not have facial muscles

Question 79

is all hox genes were knocked out ...

Answer 79

they are invovled in the indentity of a cell so , they would all be the same

Question 80

t/f hox genes are involved in the identity of a cell

Answer 80

true

Question 81

what does most of the neural tube become

Answer 81

the spinal column

Question 82

are activators involved in the posterior or anterior sections

Answer 82

anterior

Question 83

are transformers involved in the posterior and anterior sections

Answer 83

posterior

Question 84

what would occur if BMP and WNT were given

Answer 84

growth of a new head

Question 85

is more FGF expressed posterior or anterior

Answer 85

posterior

Question 86

name a gene that specifically induces the formation of a posterior section

Answer 86

hox gene

Question 87

name 2 places where hox genes are expressed

Answer 87

in the spinal cord and hind brain